Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-35calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest and the total forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest and total forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI4
growing stock (stemwood)
main tree species · diameter at breast height (main diameter classes)
regional demarcation: biogeographical region
unit: 1000 m³
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2009/17
		biogeographical region
		Jura		Plateau		Northern Alps		Western Central-Alps		Eastern Central-Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
main tree species	diameter at breast height (main diameter classes)	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
spruce	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	368	13	808	15	996	9	356	20	718	13	188	16	3434	6
	16-23 cm	1370	15	2322	11	3544	8	1084	17	2149	10	730	16	11199	5
	24-35 cm	3715	12	5829	10	12144	7	2811	13	5231	10	1964	15	31694	4
	36-51 cm	7263	8	10272	8	24461	5	4227	12	10478	8	3671	14	60372	3
	=52 cm	7995	9	12269	9	31626	6	3639	15	10163	10	5236	14	70927	4
	total	20710	6	31499	6	72772	4	12118	10	28740	7	11788	10	177626	2
fir	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	348	14	331	20	328	17	16	41	23	56	37	47	1083	9
	16-23 cm	1033	12	1161	15	1094	12	80	62	47	35	109	34	3524	7
	24-35 cm	2587	13	2325	13	3107	11	183	42	84	44	207	40	8493	7
	36-51 cm	5829	9	5202	10	6926	8	309	39	497	25	529	27	19291	5
	=52 cm	6455	11	9251	10	10451	9	309	41	1000	29	906	29	28372	5
	total	16251	8	18270	8	21906	7	897	33	1650	23	1788	25	60763	4
pine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	5	73	12	104	21	47	116	42	86	26	6	79	245	23
	16-23 cm	41	41	108	50	52	59	429	27	299	24	25	77	954	16
	24-35 cm	338	43	443	25	221	42	682	24	689	26	75	54	2448	13
	36-51 cm	1100	19	1631	16	544	41	612	24	888	24	73	43	4848	10
	=52 cm	318	31	1057	20	196	55	138	54	714	26	57	75	2479	13
	total	1802	19	3250	13	1034	36	1977	19	2676	18	235	41	10974	8
larch	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	0	28	85	17	46	104	26	57	26	93	29	298	16
	16-23 cm	0	0	60	40	69	45	454	20	197	30	359	23	1139	12
	24-35 cm	12	100	204	39	87	50	1200	15	805	17	1231	16	3539	9
	36-51 cm	126	40	297	35	117	49	2586	15	2090	14	1842	14	7057	8
	=52 cm	66	74	504	29	240	43	4107	14	3482	16	3042	16	11440	8
	total	204	39	1093	20	530	27	8451	12	6631	12	6566	11	23475	6
Arolla pine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	27	65	78	60	2	73	108	46
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	125	45	140	25	10	74	275	24
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	254	31	419	23	28	100	700	18
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	-7	100	262	28	507	21	0	.	763	17
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	290	33	334	31	19	100	643	22
	total	0	.	0	.	-7	100	958	22	1478	18	60	92	2489	13
other conifers	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	26	41	20	28	12	64	4	62	20	36	0	.	82	20
	16-23 cm	13	219	47	51	43	47	5	77	21	38	7	100	135	32
	24-35 cm	59	48	141	46	6	431	0	0	4	100	0	.	211	36
	36-51 cm	6	208	335	44	6	100	0	.	0	.	20	100	367	40
	=52 cm	185	100	803	44	0	.	0	.	0	.	30	100	1018	40
	total	290	66	1346	33	67	65	8	66	45	35	57	89	1813	27
beech	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	434	11	373	13	380	19	103	65	30	45	303	16	1623	8
	16-23 cm	1745	11	1563	10	1771	10	64	39	121	31	1100	17	6364	6
	24-35 cm	5049	9	4194	9	4546	9	197	36	413	30	1694	16	16093	5
	36-51 cm	9306	6	9086	7	7081	9	183	52	672	31	1321	15	27649	4
	=52 cm	5227	12	9105	9	5525	12	75	71	473	38	1151	19	21557	6
	total	21761	5	24321	6	19302	7	622	37	1711	24	5569	12	73286	3
maple	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	124	28	181	41	244	17	32	36	35	36	48	31	663	14
	16-23 cm	468	15	670	19	807	13	79	34	34	42	109	28	2167	8
	24-35 cm	982	15	1017	15	2148	12	28	59	228	44	128	40	4530	8
	36-51 cm	1176	13	682	19	1667	12	38	100	220	46	41	64	3824	8
	=52 cm	307	31	394	33	386	29	0	.	125	50	20	100	1232	17
	total	3056	9	2943	11	5252	8	177	36	641	34	347	25	12416	5
ash	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	109	49	190	34	187	20	19	37	30	43	108	24	643	15
	16-23 cm	259	20	582	17	563	16	201	46	100	47	190	33	1895	10
	24-35 cm	673	20	1636	14	1518	17	65	52	59	43	203	31	4154	9
	36-51 cm	910	20	3163	14	1480	16	49	90	60	48	167	40	5829	9
	=52 cm	598	24	2497	17	647	29	15	100	50	72	79	72	3885	13
	total	2549	14	8067	10	4395	12	349	37	299	35	748	25	16407	6
oak	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	43	52	29	42	9	61	31	36	0	.	46	32	158	20
	16-23 cm	111	45	214	25	51	38	60	42	0	.	158	29	594	15
	24-35 cm	350	23	860	21	30	58	48	63	0	0	374	26	1662	13
	36-51 cm	472	25	1751	15	125	43	44	54	19	100	342	33	2753	12
	=52 cm	102	55	2115	21	83	51	0	.	40	100	108	52	2448	19
	total	1077	18	4969	13	298	26	184	40	59	100	1028	20	7615	9
sweet chestnut	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	2	100	0	0	8	100	0	.	0	.	237	26	247	25
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	11	100	0	0	0	.	1163	17	1174	17
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	31	100	26	100	0	.	1402	17	1459	17
	36-51 cm	0	.	6	100	17	71	8	100	0	.	1162	19	1194	18
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	69	81	30	100	0	.	1396	23	1496	22
	total	2	100	6	100	137	79	65	63	0	.	5360	12	5569	12
other broadleaves	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	146	17	265	16	367	16	182	18	204	23	558	19	1721	8
	16-23 cm	276	20	535	14	769	16	373	19	399	27	1320	13	3671	7
	24-35 cm	472	20	898	19	693	19	207	30	167	31	1720	14	4157	8
	36-51 cm	270	29	1255	18	522	22	92	71	128	35	870	17	3138	10
	=52 cm	152	54	1393	37	608	45	43	73	39	62	106	46	2342	25
	total	1317	15	4345	16	2960	15	896	20	936	20	4574	11	15029	7
indeterminable	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	16-23 cm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	24-35 cm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0
	36-51 cm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	1603	7	2235	8	2569	6	990	13	1281	10	1627	9	10305	3
	16-23 cm	5316	6	7262	6	8774	5	2954	10	3507	8	5279	7	33091	2
	24-35 cm	14238	5	17545	5	24532	4	5701	9	8100	8	9026	6	79141	2
	36-51 cm	26458	4	33680	4	42938	4	8411	9	15560	6	10039	6	137086	2
	=52 cm	21406	6	39388	5	49830	5	8645	10	16420	8	12150	7	147839	2
	total	69020	3	100110	3	128644	3	26701	7	44867	5	38120	4	407462	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1360387. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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