Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-35calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest and the total forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest and total forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI4
number of stems
diameter at breast height (in 4 cm classes) · conifers and broadleaves
regional demarcation: biogeographical region
unit: 1000 n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2009/17
		biogeographical region
		Jura		Plateau		Northern Alps		Western Central-Alps		Eastern Central-Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
diameter at breast height (in 4 cm classes)	conifers and broadleaves	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
12-15 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	7780	8	10909	9	15985	6	6544	11	11144	9	4515	12	56878	3
	broadleaves	9002	8	10920	7	13377	7	3638	14	3035	17	14288	8	54258	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	16782	6	21829	6	29362	5	10182	9	14179	8	18803	7	111136	2
16-19 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	5670	9	7320	9	13023	6	5391	11	8211	8	3194	12	42809	3
	broadleaves	6700	8	7304	7	9990	8	2312	16	2372	18	10555	8	39232	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	12370	6	14624	6	23012	5	7703	9	10582	8	13750	7	82041	2
20-23 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	4393	9	5490	9	9141	7	4681	12	6147	9	3159	11	33012	4
	broadleaves	4629	8	6105	7	7115	8	1332	16	1296	22	7949	8	28425	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	9022	6	11595	6	16256	5	6012	10	7443	8	11107	7	61436	3
24-27 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	3626	11	4293	10	8871	7	3357	11	4771	9	2360	12	27277	4
	broadleaves	4039	9	4976	8	5868	8	770	20	968	22	5334	9	21955	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	7665	7	9269	6	14739	5	4127	10	5739	9	7694	7	49233	3
28-31 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	2856	11	3507	10	7477	7	2951	12	3947	9	2231	12	22969	4
	broadleaves	3527	10	3958	8	4932	8	476	32	653	23	3655	10	17201	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	6383	7	7464	6	12409	5	3427	11	4600	9	5886	7	40170	3
32-35 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	2718	10	3245	10	6285	7	2155	13	3574	9	1607	14	19584	4
	broadleaves	3203	9	2929	9	2883	11	303	41	295	30	2070	12	11683	5
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	5920	7	6174	7	9168	6	2458	12	3869	9	3677	9	31267	3
36-39 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	2242	9	2672	8	5164	5	1850	10	2790	8	1374	11	16093	3
	broadleaves	2471	7	2624	7	2138	8	197	29	443	22	1298	10	9171	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	4714	5	5296	5	7302	4	2047	10	3233	7	2671	7	25264	2
40-43 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	2293	7	2181	8	4878	6	1406	11	2526	8	1205	11	14489	3
	broadleaves	2039	8	2153	8	1814	9	178	30	163	25	971	12	7318	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	4332	5	4334	5	6692	5	1584	10	2689	7	2176	8	21808	2
44-47 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1729	8	2005	8	3912	6	1304	11	1866	8	789	12	11605	3
	broadleaves	1605	8	1684	8	1343	10	49	60	163	29	574	14	5418	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	3334	5	3689	5	5255	5	1353	11	2028	8	1363	9	17022	2
48-51 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1531	9	1742	8	3539	6	901	12	1825	9	713	12	10252	3
	broadleaves	1002	9	1792	9	1054	11	0	.	124	29	447	16	4419	5
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	2534	7	3534	6	4593	6	901	12	1949	8	1160	9	14671	3
52-55 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1002	10	1414	8	2822	6	850	13	1150	10	692	12	7931	4
	broadleaves	641	12	1030	10	733	12	23	57	95	30	292	19	2814	6
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	1643	8	2444	6	3555	6	873	13	1245	9	985	10	10745	3
56-59 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1063	10	1214	9	2302	7	572	14	1002	10	599	14	6752	4
	broadleaves	526	13	805	11	533	15	15	71	60	39	188	23	2127	7
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	1588	8	2019	7	2835	6	587	14	1062	10	788	12	8879	3
60-63 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	588	14	756	11	1606	9	290	18	653	13	250	19	4143	5
	broadleaves	258	19	505	13	286	18	7	100	46	42	126	25	1228	8
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	846	11	1261	8	1892	8	297	18	699	12	376	15	5371	4
64-67 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	390	16	633	12	1222	10	319	24	418	15	229	18	3210	6
	broadleaves	122	25	349	15	177	22	0	.	20	58	85	32	753	10
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	512	13	983	9	1399	9	319	24	438	15	313	16	3964	5
68-71 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	308	16	512	13	795	10	209	21	286	18	235	20	2346	6
	broadleaves	89	46	273	17	135	23	0	.	13	71	76	34	586	13
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	397	16	785	10	930	10	209	21	299	18	311	17	2931	5
72-75 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	143	23	289	18	647	12	116	28	210	19	154	23	1558	7
	broadleaves	63	36	115	26	97	31	0	.	6	100	46	41	327	16
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	206	19	405	15	743	11	116	28	216	19	200	20	1885	7
76-79 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	96	35	165	22	394	16	120	28	163	24	121	28	1059	9
	broadleaves	7	100	104	27	28	50	0	.	12	70	38	45	190	20
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	103	33	269	17	423	15	120	28	175	23	159	24	1250	9
80-83 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	29	50	146	23	188	23	52	38	100	29	93	28	608	12
	broadleaves	11	100	72	32	15	71	0	.	8	100	30	50	135	24
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	40	45	218	19	203	22	52	38	108	28	123	24	743	10
84-87 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	44	41	48	38	140	25	63	50	73	32	77	32	445	14
	broadleaves	0	.	71	34	14	71	0	.	0	.	52	42	137	25
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	44	41	119	25	154	24	63	50	73	32	129	26	582	12
88-91 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	36	44	14	71	127	31	36	45	63	39	37	44	312	18
	broadleaves	0	.	30	51	13	71	16	71	0	.	15	71	74	32
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	36	44	44	41	140	29	52	38	63	39	52	38	387	15
92-95 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	22	58	28	50	0	0	7	100	14	71	24	59	96	28
	broadleaves	0	.	18	73	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	26	60
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	22	58	47	42	0	0	7	100	14	71	31	51	122	25
96-99 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	7	100	7	100	28	50	14	71	0	.	0	.	56	35
	broadleaves	0	.	35	61	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	42	53
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	7	100	42	53	28	50	14	71	0	.	7	100	98	30
100-103 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	22	58	21	58	0	.	14	71	18	72	75	32
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	22	58	21	58	0	.	14	71	26	59	83	30
104-107 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	7	100	14	71	14	71	7	100	0	.	0	.	42	41
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	7	100	14	71	14	71	7	100	0	.	0	.	42	41
108-111 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	21	58	0	.	15	71	0	.	37	45
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	21	58	0	.	15	71	7	100	44	41
112-115 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	15	71	7	100	29	50
	broadleaves	0	.	18	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	25	78
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	18	100	0	.	7	100	15	71	14	71	54	45
116-119 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
120-123 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
124-127 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
128-131 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	18	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	18	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	100
132-135 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
136-139 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
140-143 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	6	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	6	100
144-147 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
148-151 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
152-155 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
156-159 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	6	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	6	100
160-163 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
164-167 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
168-171 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
172-175 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
176-179 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
180-183 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
184-187 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
188-191 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
192-195 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
196-199 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
=200 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	6	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	6	100
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	38575	5	48627	5	88603	4	33204	8	50976	6	23698	7	283683	2
	broadleaves	39932	5	47889	4	52543	5	9316	13	9772	14	48161	6	207613	2
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	78507	3	96517	3	141146	3	42520	7	60748	5	71859	4	491296	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1303216. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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