Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI4—NFI5
change: total number of stems with two most important forms of damages
type of damage to trees (13 classes)
regional demarcation: forest district (2024)
unit: n/yr
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
change 2009/17–2018/26
	forest district (2024)
	AG01		AG02		AG03		AG04		AI01		AR01		BE01		BE02		BE03		BE04		BSBL01		BSBL02		BSBL03		BSBL04		FR01		FR02		FR03		FR04		GE01		GL01		GR01		GR02		GR03		GR04		GR05		JU01		LU01		LU02		LU03		NE01		NE02		NE03		NE04		NE06		NW01		OW01		OW02		SG01		SG02		SG03		SG04		SG05		SH01		SO01		SO02		SO03		SO04		SZ01		SZ02		SZ03		TG01		TG02		TG03		TI01		TI02		TI03		TI04		TI05		TI06		TI07		TI08		TI09		UR01		UR02		UR03		VD02		VD03		VD04		VD05		VD06		VD07		VD08		VD09		VD11		VD12		VD14		VD15		VD16		VD18		VD20		VD22		VS01		VS02		VS03		ZG01		ZH01		ZH02		ZH03		ZH04		ZH05		ZH06		ZH07		lakes		Switzerland
type of damage to trees (13 classes)	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%	n/yr	±%
n/a	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
no visible damage	-6989.3	637	-39967.4	129	-75776.2	56	-32358.3	134	-46495.8	40	-134501.8	30	-228117.5	40	-95319.8	68	-3664.5	3236	-251169.4	27	28317.1	150	5472.5	418	-20678.8	82	1548.8	.	-29527.3	78	-141521.4	38	-18436.7	175	2939.3	1164	-17297.9	68	-152941.4	38	-107853.1	46	-62215.0	64	-137310.5	41	-137655.3	49	-231821.2	31	-95488.7	54	-82018.5	43	41518.5	170	-143082.3	42	-59504.5	48	-61165.5	44	31668.7	137	-4083.8	411	-41487.3	46	-27349.7	112	25768.5	215	-33023.4	118	23309.7	168	-69080.6	85	-70034.9	51	-48966.8	81	-115844.8	29	-148262.7	37	11239.7	235	-53366.1	54	77284.5	77	-15964.7	174	-38348.8	55	-21261.5	177	-33031.0	81	-98760.4	43	-70600.4	51	-137168.3	45	-30386.3	71	83834.9	124	-74973.3	39	-28915.3	161	-72940.4	56	-90355.1	50	-65730.1	65	-36909.1	59	-94545.3	55	-23883.2	112	-20202.6	78	-28564.5	86	-22773.4	134	-25929.7	106	2066.0	1172	-39191.1	95	-8344.2	271	-51943.0	106	-11895.7	204	20701.0	95	-69041.7	45	-53487.9	69	-96249.6	44	47129.3	121	-65167.0	78	-59869.0	70	-1017.9	1668	19976.8	182	-97603.4	66	-135926.1	42	-162750.9	32	-23370.6	72	-75884.7	59	-2447.4	1447	-17743.1	258	-23967.7	219	-52108.1	71	-33735.9	77	-66528.3	59	.	.	-4778799.4	8
exposed wood core	-376.1	3060	4473.0	252	12928.4	65	-17104.1	70	17905.4	50	37584.0	49	52493.5	61	11930.5	233	36109.5	81	-4149.6	578	14131.7	80	-9279.4	80	-2878.1	291	1936.0	.	-114.2	5696	9444.3	151	5655.9	254	5740.6	219	-1959.3	118	3681.2	601	22910.5	86	15089.8	78	53098.1	51	-12029.3	263	21974.1	122	7088.0	320	3864.9	442	-8326.1	163	14083.2	126	-15505.8	71	8293.6	142	2582.7	201	-2070.0	281	10784.5	73	32155.7	75	620.5	1627	48176.9	50	-18828.2	75	-15262.1	120	40252.7	47	-33344.3	77	39984.3	43	17965.1	76	1849.8	550	-7239.8	159	-9874.8	60	25354.0	63	4421.7	262	-19865.7	58	3395.2	345	24732.0	46	6434.5	120	12106.6	67	9080.8	181	19334.6	144	14858.7	66	14577.5	151	16626.1	130	54877.7	61	23443.0	64	-21739.0	79	1165.1	2047	-469.4	2310	10843.3	148	-18109.5	65	12130.5	119	-4940.5	230	-10115.6	76	5107.5	205	-1382.6	208	19897.7	91	4750.9	88	9901.7	71	6260.8	150	10824.6	81	7137.3	137	2023.1	395	7203.9	112	5651.7	138	-6647.4	89	5616.0	143	30864.4	86	37150.3	58	19072.6	120	-10766.6	78	4781.9	149	-6765.8	89	1275.6	1449	30795.3	35	5692.8	204	3482.4	219	27865.1	45	.	.	791381.5	19
crack, woundwood rib	1938.7	100	.	.	-30.8	3540	783.0	173	-124.4	855	-1362.5	160	-11416.4	46	-5290.9	55	1898.1	115	1274.0	100	776.3	100	.	.	-750.0	432	.	.	1980.2	100	1839.5	100	-2286.2	100	-64.8	1583	.	.	-4074.8	106	4678.3	62	-2100.7	100	-2274.3	238	-4065.5	139	-6167.9	75	-20.7	14790	3754.0	71	-7744.2	70	656.4	100	.	.	.	.	-877.7	100	-2345.0	100	2198.6	100	.	.	-1953.3	100	-4668.1	61	-722.0	100	-1508.3	71	-2074.7	107	-2591.4	104	-6012.6	53	0.0	0	-1091.5	214	1160.4	176	.	.	2961.9	83	-1714.0	100	-1906.4	205	-3077.1	79	0.0	0	.	.	1960.0	100	-4051.8	100	3348.4	114	-661.8	347	-471.9	889	-2181.3	152	0.0	0	1485.1	330	-232.2	1362	-3336.2	72	.	.	-801.0	100	-1537.8	100	-1685.0	291	-863.6	348	-1737.2	100	.	.	.	.	785.1	100	4435.0	100	.	.	.	.	809.0	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	4774.3	85	-2391.4	134	-10233.4	59	-158.4	790	748.6	100	176.1	710	1175.0	180	-4463.4	85	753.6	100	-1871.0	100	1977.8	100	.	.	-66766.5	36
stem breakage	8769.4	57	-2865.3	75	.	.	6782.7	60	-4574.6	61	10746.2	48	12312.4	106	-5845.0	130	-3903.2	272	11268.1	81	2908.4	74	-44.7	6100	1531.0	191	.	.	3679.6	81	458.8	857	-4579.5	60	496.3	1018	.	.	5859.3	119	-2106.1	241	632.9	727	-2630.5	260	1322.2	737	-2147.0	230	-10731.1	67	-1746.9	304	864.1	577	13005.3	74	-4221.0	71	2087.6	100	1963.0	100	.	.	.	.	-7272.0	73	2466.0	140	-1205.4	410	6143.4	67	1681.9	147	2807.8	116	5962.6	81	3285.7	164	3970.1	71	-6853.2	89	-1865.9	100	2094.0	273	5316.7	95	-1156.7	77	17197.4	65	-17468.5	60	7788.2	50	74.9	3540	4387.6	143	-1782.7	339	-2417.0	341	-4899.9	111	-2275.2	159	8795.3	60	5477.0	121	5746.3	147	175.5	1651	-2250.0	148	-83.6	3401	-7928.1	80	-601.8	457	5038.8	62	-2968.8	149	-2108.2	100	-2017.3	100	.	.	7908.3	74	1878.1	100	-1904.4	100	2206.3	100	7878.0	79	4964.6	60	-3852.4	70	-13812.3	87	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	23260.3	51	10891.4	61	-2702.9	345	-2374.0	189	748.6	100	1517.1	100	13493.6	49	1448.8	213	-1176.5	180	-1122.6	180	8873.6	57	.	.	119595.3	43
defoliation >50%	16289.2	50	13067.9	62	0.0	0	5960.3	74	2020.5	100	9075.9	80	24009.2	35	8396.8	55	12025.6	37	9033.0	92	5716.5	75	1899.4	100	.	.	.	.	5940.7	100	16929.1	84	6115.0	58	8058.8	63	.	.	13202.3	65	-5068.4	109	975.4	306	9812.5	60	20927.0	52	6798.9	53	27370.2	47	5250.4	56	1559.8	71	9787.7	50	1392.3	167	10753.6	85	0.0	0	-227.0	1273	-605.6	505	38401.3	76	14035.5	89	6437.2	52	13362.2	68	11734.5	57	1190.5	242	-1064.6	180	7512.9	63	5575.3	74	760.9	100	1865.9	100	6538.9	52	1942.9	100	11692.7	47	4979.0	63	2456.6	75	8097.4	72	764.6	100	12836.2	46	7154.1	100	26058.9	68	2546.9	164	14728.5	269	7773.4	130	18851.3	133	12151.0	85	5244.7	73	18748.9	260	3435.7	100	14785.3	73	5510.0	166	2207.9	169	1952.1	281	3275.4	79	11101.0	73	4933.1	60	2748.0	100	.	.	778.4	100	15329.8	46	3812.4	71	12369.7	70	8892.7	73	14027.9	72	2850.7	77	.	.	.	.	22823.8	83	-3832.4	290	18417.1	45	8698.8	73	5152.2	62	-30.9	3540	4592.6	61	10898.3	87	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	685441.3	14
canker	1696.7	134	1963.2	100	-1967.0	100	-4419.5	61	-1049.9	216	2475.3	181	11549.5	58	13308.5	39	3264.4	201	440.5	1717	0.0	0	-776.4	100	-1916.1	100	.	.	1488.0	71	-1096.4	181	-3244.6	130	2488.2	76	.	.	2038.3	135	1820.8	256	4869.2	132	4548.8	69	28838.2	39	1673.4	460	415.5	926	-4763.3	116	-736.3	245	20907.8	54	801.1	100	1609.6	198	.	.	-1155.9	100	-3078.1	77	-59.3	4624	4588.8	62	4132.6	98	2767.7	78	692.4	100	-5234.0	52	0.0	0	4886.7	134	1609.1	216	505.0	885	-1865.9	100	.	.	-1109.6	314	5630.2	58	-3625.8	71	-4174.6	74	5752.3	62	1644.3	71	784.0	100	5397.0	63	14568.0	41	2699.4	327	6620.9	71	3996.6	117	7455.5	48	18599.3	50	11320.2	73	18999.2	41	7687.9	61	2002.4	100	9153.0	83	1070.9	360	2770.7	127	1452.4	250	0.0	0	.	.	-1962.8	100	.	.	.	.	-786.1	100	899.9	100	4843.0	62	763.8	100	-974.9	201	4049.6	64	.	.	4989.5	62	8831.4	50	9651.6	51	19429.3	37	-1575.5	161	-1122.9	180	-765.2	100	3916.7	76	743.9	100	1960.8	100	-1496.8	71	.	.	.	.	264091.5	15
bark necrosis	775.5	100	.	.	-1573.6	71	.	.	2020.5	100	.	.	1919.5	100	.	.	0.0	0	0.0	0	4556.2	85	-4658.5	100	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	-975.9	100	.	.	.	.	688.6	100	.	.	2100.7	100	.	.	2293.1	100	5501.0	113	3423.0	81	.	.	.	.	6752.1	53	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	8957.2	100	.	.	2046.2	100	2464.9	100	261.0	448	.	.	.	.	746.4	100	.	.	2720.1	100	819.2	100	.	.	.	.	-796.3	100	734.6	100	1960.0	100	.	.	942.5	100	.	.	2024.5	100	807.1	168	2399.5	100	-6765.6	100	6375.6	76	869.0	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2836.3	77	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-414.1	555	.	.	2168.2	100	-1881.6	100	.	.	.	.	1438.4	100	-2040.6	100	.	.	52323.4	35
resinosis	20113.2	38	13411.4	56	4149.8	285	6187.4	110	6847.9	82	9968.5	74	156373.3	21	11912.4	112	20686.3	84	25794.9	48	8411.0	71	-1899.4	176	1536.6	71	.	.	-1891.9	375	13138.5	135	20442.0	66	17916.5	80	2027.7	100	24964.5	62	112149.5	27	34278.0	44	92290.4	30	63847.2	51	133255.5	31	-2379.8	422	4849.6	142	14367.4	96	33856.1	30	9660.3	73	4142.1	157	1177.8	353	4778.5	107	10828.4	72	2168.8	230	18878.6	62	33161.7	48	6429.9	103	14771.2	65	12843.5	86	5646.0	64	21391.7	32	-3047.2	450	7640.8	61	16458.9	83	-1924.3	100	-519.9	452	10681.2	95	27645.4	51	597.5	515	21564.6	83	6160.0	52	9242.9	77	21379.6	49	37902.2	30	44495.7	46	2546.2	100	846.5	100	.	.	10249.1	119	6411.6	65	22721.2	51	11459.6	112	-2162.3	318	20447.2	64	10275.5	95	14445.3	52	-4313.4	252	5732.9	134	3788.6	101	7564.5	68	17212.5	71	-2786.3	88	20194.2	40	4535.9	85	-2586.8	235	-1627.9	278	-4444.2	112	4716.5	85	0.0	0	2024.0	100	92440.5	44	72309.5	40	110293.4	28	10898.2	53	5670.2	106	-1730.0	202	-4528.3	320	6630.1	182	1268.7	479	-4520.9	62	3691.4	184	.	.	1635184.7	8
inclusion	0.0	0	.	.	.	.	2740.5	77	.	.	-3421.5	88	-8706.8	191	-119.8	3113	-830.2	100	-4982.6	115	-4092.5	100	.	.	0.0	0	-774.4	.	.	.	1839.5	100	10992.1	48	1943.4	98	133.7	100	-5034.9	58	1572.6	338	-4568.7	72	7766.3	48	1279.5	563	3469.5	115	-2312.7	57	1855.6	100	795.5	100	-3114.7	149	-797.2	100	0.0	0	.	.	-2345.0	100	-7125.7	89	-3281.0	79	-682.2	100	-412.5	471	-2045.7	100	517.0	637	2777.4	91	-7602.7	99	-9433.9	72	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	-1138.0	100	-6193.6	69	717.2	464	-552.9	424	.	.	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	-201.4	1935	376.5	754	-77.3	7338	-1203.1	219	-1552.4	189	7680.2	80	2207.7	100	662.4	433	-4380.7	119	1601.9	100	-98.1	1040	-12386.6	107	828.5	100	-8377.8	110	-1842.9	100	.	.	-1920.8	100	.	.	.	.	-1458.9	163	.	.	-932.3	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	2853.6	86	-3271.2	167	-1726.5	207	.	.	.	.	789.5	100	-2062.6	100	-1876.0	100	.	.	-748.4	100	.	.	.	.	-67361.6	52
stag-headedness	986.3	296	-623.0	407	1967.0	100	695.3	422	4041.1	100	513.0	552	7393.8	95	-2813.6	307	8553.5	105	-127.5	4303	-772.5	100	-66.5	4079	8373.4	60	.	.	-3705.7	82	198.5	1383	1379.4	299	-4172.4	86	-810.9	100	-2653.7	96	-4049.7	127	2808.6	148	-8498.2	103	3800.5	283	-3791.7	108	-10660.4	74	5217.3	74	-1747.2	100	-1717.6	389	-621.8	971	0.0	0	785.2	100	.	.	-1976.5	100	6761.5	123	3658.8	119	-8658.9	95	-1805.0	100	-496.7	1635	0.0	0	688.6	879	.	.	816.3	705	-3215.3	91	3731.8	70	0.0	0	7445.7	79	738.7	591	-6619.9	58	1912.4	100	-293.1	916	1836.5	100	2976.8	79	-3807.2	71	7932.0	59	-3979.7	140	-6023.0	221	4794.1	199	-24066.2	60	5022.9	182	-15948.6	86	6164.0	294	787.6	100	4004.8	158	25.4	10765	4196.3	71	5646.3	58	-1179.0	186	884.3	100	804.3	100	2526.3	160	-2852.8	74	.	.	0.0	0	-1969.5	100	509.6	835	-1987.4	100	3928.6	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	-8198.0	116	3125.4	324	23125.7	47	.	.	.	.	-1896.3	100	76.7	3540	2666.6	160	.	.	.	.	1742.2	71	.	.	14120.1	377
other type of damage	-779.3	224	2398.9	75	-756.0	100	-1032.9	147	3117.7	71	5803.3	63	-2148.9	480	197.8	3408	802.9	676	-3478.1	191	196.8	1174	-784.0	263	2778.2	183	.	.	3065.3	170	2934.6	73	-3363.1	141	538.8	791	877.7	100	-835.1	588	-3608.6	203	-10119.8	71	835.1	1122	17575.1	83	1991.8	301	11911.6	74	-4841.2	94	3557.6	109	13320.1	67	-595.0	502	-1827.5	100	1963.0	100	3862.4	71	-2893.4	134	3226.2	207	4893.1	82	1634.8	228	4996.7	94	2106.2	107	-14255.6	50	-3077.7	181	12147.4	64	1595.9	217	2329.7	164	-4064.9	118	-3496.4	64	6005.9	78	-4216.1	158	551.5	691	4154.1	96	-9089.4	74	1911.4	100	-331.7	982	-2154.5	357	8675.8	58	2638.7	168	7507.2	107	35629.5	45	-7540.5	67	18674.0	60	4383.2	139	61501.3	75	37.1	11990	930.7	100	-767.8	639	1841.9	338	-4862.4	83	1886.7	100	2266.2	145	-180.8	1596	3743.7	98	-974.7	100	1904.4	100	4137.4	84	2048.5	145	1121.9	402	1330.4	126	2916.7	204	812.5	100	.	.	2024.0	100	-316.5	2006	-4284.8	244	19282.0	46	.	.	5582.3	48	3479.1	71	-1443.9	358	-30.3	3540	-1612.6	227	2209.1	100	2057.8	168	.	.	224510.3	31
lying living trees	2718.0	77	1963.2	100	.	.	0.0	0	-1028.9	180	9901.0	61	-2409.8	209	6364.2	96	.	.	-4276.5	100	-1931.3	100	3901.0	100	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	-3963.8	71	.	.	.	.	.	.	1547.9	184	22.8	12705	-3667.3	64	-9981.7	53	-18267.3	103	6874.3	139	2780.9	78	-2774.8	100	-1910.7	100	-338.2	1698	-1950.4	100	-835.0	100	.	.	-1926.5	100	.	.	2016.4	100	-5116.3	74	6396.8	74	0.0	0	2410.3	74	1233.7	165	-4239.2	72	-2021.7	100	4786.4	72	.	.	1865.9	100	1935.1	100	-777.2	100	-1687.6	100	-3369.5	100	1573.9	71	-1933.9	100	1911.4	100	.	.	-3640.0	70	10993.6	107	249.0	1193	2834.3	442	636.5	1421	6726.2	124	4268.8	140	5280.9	123	5133.4	61	-1848.3	100	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	-352.1	800	2512.0	100	.	.	-2010.7	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-2030.6	100	-794.9	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-16067.7	51	3584.7	196	-699.9	1115	.	.	.	.	1176.1	100	-3856.4	71	1859.8	100	.	.	-3818.2	71	.	.	.	.	-4174.3	955
dead trees	28547.8	53	3227.8	308	2781.5	153	4343.7	187	10412.9	76	13130.8	81	12588.4	222	19896.2	104	14301.2	150	67344.1	35	22514.8	54	2788.8	183	19099.9	47	.	.	8836.9	127	5630.7	333	-10299.1	130	9090.7	135	-809.9	369	39200.5	93	21003.0	78	2538.8	407	48429.9	59	72705.8	45	150153.7	34	84944.3	31	6560.1	237	3728.1	284	-6391.5	416	18623.3	52	5010.2	61	4627.1	85	3416.5	120	2212.9	357	11493.5	64	-7612.5	160	25439.2	80	2702.3	194	20068.0	63	31340.8	37	15625.1	97	25003.2	43	21811.8	54	-1412.8	412	4230.0	153	15327.8	41	13623.9	69	6267.7	159	8568.3	112	19881.1	47	11055.4	57	9601.5	144	7717.2	179	17066.3	86	30595.7	88	30520.8	43	29339.6	67	16157.8	109	46468.9	52	22773.4	44	33199.5	38	28700.4	65	17947.2	53	10304.7	84	-4967.8	353	5671.3	148	21720.1	47	29698.4	59	17782.6	61	-11940.4	62	12984.5	73	-5420.3	213	6421.0	49	-1.6	363305	-9130.8	116	11464.4	72	5485.7	143	9787.3	72	-11386.2	73	10618.9	76	5848.6	60	39844.0	68	72103.0	29	60689.4	45	13139.1	59	34193.6	84	8272.5	68	7553.7	144	9521.1	173	-7012.8	71	7836.0	87	-6690.2	90	.	.	1549082.3	10
total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 2289196. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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