Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI1
total number of stems NFI1
diameter at breast height (10 classes) · main tree species
regional demarcation: biogeographical region
unit: 1000 n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4-km grid
state 1983/85
		biogeographical region
		Jura		Plateau		Northern Alps		Western Central-Alps		Eastern Central-Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
diameter at breast height (10 classes)	main tree species	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fir	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
12-20 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	8207	9	15617	8	28051	5	7213	10	12343	7	3454	12	74886	3
	fir	7634	7	6421	9	8299	7	883	31	595	22	509	26	24341	4
	pine	552	27	660	30	838	29	3791	17	3247	18	167	43	9255	10
	larch	91	55	422	45	118	38	2775	13	1277	16	1870	14	6552	8
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	53	83	612	28	840	23	10	100	1515	17
	other conifers	309	36	505	31	305	34	0	.	347	51	51	100	1517	19
	beech	12673	6	12968	6	12103	7	658	31	1381	19	6620	11	46403	3
	maple	2523	9	2588	15	4317	9	221	33	286	35	421	22	10356	6
	ash	1716	15	3570	11	3327	12	280	32	405	43	1221	18	10519	6
	oak	1143	23	2418	20	444	30	373	30	50	72	1354	25	5782	12
	sweet chestnut	0	.	49	82	20	100	51	72	0	.	8005	11	8125	11
	other broadleaves	3087	11	4986	10	7771	9	2714	17	1945	17	9346	8	29849	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	37934	4	50205	4	65645	3	19573	7	22714	6	33029	5	229101	2
21-30 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	5322	8	9131	7	19720	5	5038	10	8669	7	2502	13	50382	3
	fir	4420	8	4584	8	4785	7	304	29	275	24	208	34	14576	4
	pine	752	22	626	19	736	23	1890	16	1694	15	241	43	5939	8
	larch	89	51	266	30	62	41	2010	13	1287	14	1335	15	5050	7
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	83	62	638	24	636	21	10	100	1367	15
	other conifers	20	100	118	31	29	58	0	.	20	71	0	.	187	25
	beech	9205	6	7688	6	6623	7	250	41	720	23	2426	11	26912	3
	maple	1584	10	1583	11	2312	9	42	50	208	31	152	33	5881	5
	ash	1123	14	2252	10	1468	12	72	52	141	49	327	27	5383	7
	oak	1008	19	1432	13	237	35	80	49	61	71	583	26	3401	10
	sweet chestnut	0	.	78	88	9	100	10	100	0	.	2450	13	2547	13
	other broadleaves	1047	13	2250	11	1558	11	457	25	461	29	2728	11	8502	6
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	24571	4	30007	3	37623	3	10791	7	14173	6	12962	5	130128	2
31-40 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	4063	7	8688	6	14191	4	2841	9	5704	7	1730	12	37218	2
	fir	3058	7	3135	7	3296	7	160	34	205	23	215	33	10069	4
	pine	926	15	1253	13	319	24	607	18	910	15	148	53	4163	7
	larch	30	52	238	23	79	36	1371	11	1145	13	901	13	3763	7
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	17	61	275	23	472	20	5	100	768	15
	other conifers	0	.	74	43	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	100	85	40
	beech	4999	6	4521	6	3729	7	56	52	265	26	835	13	14406	3
	maple	598	14	497	16	713	14	14	100	51	52	26	54	1900	8
	ash	395	17	1258	10	593	16	30	72	9	100	62	45	2347	8
	oak	316	22	819	12	47	49	0	.	30	67	244	27	1456	10
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	9	100	23	71	0	.	615	15	647	15
	other broadleaves	319	19	627	14	412	19	90	44	85	45	586	16	2119	8
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	14703	3	21111	3	23406	3	5466	7	8876	5	5378	6	78940	1
41-50 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	2850	6	5249	5	8730	4	1298	9	3286	7	1144	10	22557	2
	fir	1593	7	1924	7	2119	7	94	33	154	24	171	25	6053	4
	pine	445	16	838	11	208	29	214	25	404	16	23	71	2132	7
	larch	12	74	136	22	81	33	933	10	743	12	552	11	2457	6
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	100	27	211	21	4	100	315	16
	other conifers	30	100	49	53	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	79	50
	beech	2028	7	2278	6	1646	8	13	72	183	24	322	15	6469	4
	maple	140	17	161	20	185	17	0	.	24	41	4	100	514	10
	ash	109	23	418	13	118	22	0	.	8	71	10	72	664	10
	oak	144	25	454	13	25	41	12	74	29	56	37	36	702	11
	sweet chestnut	0	.	4	100	4	100	0	.	0	.	387	17	395	17
	other broadleaves	65	34	193	20	130	23	20	53	4	100	70	28	483	12
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	7415	4	11705	3	13245	3	2685	7	5045	5	2725	6	42820	2
51-60 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	1259	8	2213	6	4030	5	598	11	1568	8	526	12	10193	3
	fir	591	10	727	10	945	9	63	36	86	27	72	31	2485	5
	pine	136	23	279	16	29	61	79	48	133	26	15	50	671	11
	larch	8	71	67	24	111	34	500	12	374	14	316	14	1377	7
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	4	100	19	53	99	24	0	.	122	21
	other conifers	4	100	25	47	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	29	42
	beech	475	12	867	9	642	11	12	74	48	41	135	24	2179	6
	maple	35	42	42	32	44	33	0	.	4	100	0	.	125	20
	ash	31	35	148	20	22	45	0	.	7	100	0	.	209	16
	oak	70	39	243	15	10	71	0	.	4	100	26	61	353	14
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	146	21	150	21
	other broadleaves	8	71	83	26	46	37	4	100	0	.	38	34	178	17
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	2617	5	4693	4	5887	4	1276	9	2324	6	1275	7	18071	2
61-70 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	337	13	575	10	1257	8	134	24	519	11	208	19	3031	5
	fir	179	16	182	17	316	13	4	100	15	61	33	39	729	8
	pine	12	75	51	32	15	59	4	100	30	46	0	.	111	22
	larch	0	.	29	43	12	58	185	19	127	22	111	23	463	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	11	58	32	40	0	.	43	33
	other conifers	0	.	16	50	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	16	50
	beech	118	20	317	14	103	24	8	71	19	53	53	28	618	10
	maple	4	100	17	51	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	26	41
	ash	9	71	28	43	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	37	37
	oak	4	100	89	26	10	72	0	.	0	.	5	100	108	23
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	54	32	54	32
	other broadleaves	0	.	11	58	13	58	0	.	0	.	8	71	33	36
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	663	9	1316	7	1730	6	346	15	742	9	472	11	5269	3
71-80 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	103	24	151	18	455	12	56	29	191	17	108	23	1064	7
	fir	94	23	73	26	105	22	0	.	12	58	16	60	301	13
	pine	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	4	100	0	.	8	71
	larch	4	100	4	100	0	.	85	27	40	32	49	29	182	17
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	47	24	48	4	100	51	32
	other conifers	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100
	beech	7	71	86	24	21	45	4	100	0	.	37	46	156	19
	maple	0	.	6	100	11	58	0	.	6	100	4	100	26	42
	ash	0	.	18	51	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	51
	oak	0	.	47	30	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	51	29
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	0	.	80	37	84	35
	other broadleaves	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	208	18	396	12	596	11	172	18	276	14	298	15	1946	6
81-90 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	20	45	29	38	93	22	20	45	39	35	31	35	233	14
	fir	8	71	21	45	46	30	0	.	4	100	10	72	88	22
	pine	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100
	larch	0	.	4	100	0	.	25	41	20	45	18	50	66	25
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	4	100	0	.	8	71
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	9	71	43	32	8	71	0	.	7	71	4	100	71	24
	maple	0	.	0	.	8	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	71
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	28	38	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	28	38
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	31	38	31	38
	other broadleaves	0	.	5	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	37	33	134	19	154	17	48	29	75	24	94	22	542	9
91-100 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	8	71	12	58	31	35	0	.	21	52	12	58	85	23
	fir	7	71	4	100	16	50	0	.	4	100	0	.	32	35
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	71	0	.	8	71	16	50
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	4	100
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	8	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	71
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	7	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	71
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	40	37	40	37
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	16	50	32	35	47	29	12	58	25	47	60	29	192	15
>100 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	0	.	25	49	8	71	4	100	12	75	49	34
	fir	4	100	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	15	59	23	46
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	4	100	12	58	20	45
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	4	100	0	.	8	71
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	4	100
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	4	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	59	34	59	34
	other broadleaves	5	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4	100	9	71
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	9	72	4	100	29	45	16	50	12	58	105	24	175	18
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	22170	5	41666	4	76583	3	17207	8	32344	5	9728	9	199698	2
	fir	17587	5	17071	6	19932	5	1508	26	1350	17	1249	21	58696	3
	pine	2822	13	3716	10	2144	20	6585	14	6422	13	595	37	22284	6
	larch	234	42	1166	21	462	28	7897	9	5017	9	5171	10	19946	5
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	157	66	1690	19	2321	16	33	64	4202	12
	other conifers	363	36	791	24	334	34	0	.	367	49	62	85	1917	16
	beech	29514	4	28776	4	24875	5	1001	30	2623	17	10436	10	97226	2
	maple	4885	7	4894	10	7594	7	277	32	578	28	607	23	18835	4
	ash	3383	12	7691	8	5529	10	382	29	570	40	1621	17	19175	5
	oak	2684	16	5541	11	777	25	466	30	175	59	2250	19	11892	8
	sweet chestnut	0	.	131	86	47	61	88	66	0	.	11866	10	12131	9
	other broadleaves	4531	9	8161	9	9930	8	3286	17	2495	16	12780	8	41183	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	88173	3	119602	2	148363	2	40387	5	54262	4	56398	3	507185	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1344353. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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