Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
number of stems
diameter at breast height (in 4 cm classes) · conifers and broadleaves
regional demarcation: biogeographical region
unit: 1000 n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		biogeographical region
		Jura		Plateau		Northern Alps		Western Central-Alps		Eastern Central-Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
diameter at breast height (in 4 cm classes)	conifers and broadleaves	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
12-15 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	7002	10	8952	9	16174	7	6558	10	11073	9	5212	13	54973	4
	broadleaves	9715	8	12385	7	12528	7	4721	15	2567	17	13265	8	55181	4
	indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	16718	7	21337	6	28702	5	11280	9	13641	8	18477	7	110154	3
16-19 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	5433	8	7500	9	12005	7	5632	10	8386	8	3657	11	42612	3
	broadleaves	5931	8	7379	7	9500	8	2029	15	1822	17	9538	8	36200	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	11364	6	14879	6	21505	5	7660	9	10208	8	13195	6	78812	2
20-23 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	3716	9	5037	10	9667	7	4535	11	7149	9	3030	12	33134	4
	broadleaves	4485	9	6037	7	7073	8	1614	16	1538	21	7478	8	28224	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	8201	6	11074	6	16740	5	6148	9	8687	8	10508	7	61358	3
24-27 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	2993	9	3903	10	7568	7	3436	12	5259	9	2549	12	25707	4
	broadleaves	3519	9	3939	9	5324	8	1014	20	733	19	5754	9	20283	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	6512	6	7842	7	12892	5	4450	10	5992	8	8303	7	45990	3
28-31 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	2711	10	3670	10	7333	7	3049	11	4162	10	2116	15	23041	4
	broadleaves	3079	10	3722	8	4402	9	540	28	772	23	4221	10	16737	4
	indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	5791	7	7392	6	11736	6	3589	11	4934	9	6337	9	39778	3
32-35 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	2349	11	2415	11	6299	7	2704	13	3640	9	1986	13	19392	4
	broadleaves	2681	10	2838	9	3599	9	204	33	341	25	2610	11	12273	5
	indeterminable	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0
	total	5029	7	5253	7	9897	6	2908	12	3981	9	4596	8	31665	3
36-39 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1889	9	2147	8	5119	6	1814	10	2651	8	1502	11	15122	3
	broadleaves	2328	7	2228	7	2148	8	257	27	372	19	1367	10	8700	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	4217	6	4375	5	7267	5	2071	9	3023	7	2869	7	23822	2
40-43 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1739	8	2261	8	4746	6	1541	11	2591	8	1261	11	14141	3
	broadleaves	1794	8	2001	8	1770	8	131	31	178	27	1021	10	6895	4
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	3533	6	4262	5	6517	5	1672	10	2770	7	2282	7	21035	2
44-47 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1563	8	1820	8	3793	6	1242	11	2183	8	1002	12	11604	3
	broadleaves	1653	9	1713	8	1494	10	123	40	187	31	800	13	5970	5
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	3216	6	3534	6	5287	5	1365	11	2370	8	1802	8	17574	3
48-51 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1457	9	1444	9	3430	6	1009	12	1668	9	733	16	9741	3
	broadleaves	1014	9	1410	9	1084	10	0	.	101	28	568	13	4177	5
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	2471	6	2854	6	4514	5	1009	12	1769	8	1300	10	13918	3
52-55 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	1107	9	1293	9	2993	6	978	12	1326	10	656	14	8352	4
	broadleaves	781	11	1209	9	816	12	7	100	131	28	320	18	3264	5
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	1888	7	2502	6	3809	5	985	12	1457	9	976	11	11616	3
56-59 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	832	11	1016	10	2327	7	619	13	1112	9	803	19	6709	4
	broadleaves	474	16	1051	10	569	14	16	70	66	34	297	24	2472	7
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	1306	9	2067	7	2896	6	635	13	1178	9	1100	18	9182	4
60-63 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	636	13	735	10	1537	8	387	16	660	12	266	18	4221	5
	broadleaves	250	17	518	13	275	19	22	58	27	50	109	27	1201	8
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	886	10	1253	8	1812	8	409	15	687	12	375	15	5422	4
64-67 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	466	16	535	13	1180	9	295	22	481	14	199	20	3157	6
	broadleaves	158	24	353	15	244	20	0	.	38	46	133	24	926	10
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	624	13	889	10	1424	8	295	22	519	14	332	15	4082	5
68-71 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	297	17	450	14	1048	10	221	21	340	15	307	16	2663	6
	broadleaves	104	28	320	16	192	22	0	.	14	71	89	30	718	11
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	402	14	770	10	1240	9	221	21	353	15	396	14	3382	5
72-75 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	241	18	372	15	683	11	149	26	245	17	162	24	1851	7
	broadleaves	31	51	191	20	117	25	0	.	19	58	65	36	423	14
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	272	17	563	12	799	10	149	26	264	16	227	19	2274	6
76-79 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	123	25	214	19	493	15	134	25	144	23	104	30	1212	9
	broadleaves	37	45	112	27	38	52	0	.	0	.	44	41	231	19
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	160	22	326	16	531	15	134	25	144	23	149	24	1444	8
80-83 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	29	50	167	21	269	18	82	33	137	26	104	28	789	10
	broadleaves	0	.	76	32	48	41	0	.	20	58	22	58	166	21
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	29	50	243	18	317	16	82	33	157	24	126	25	955	9
84-87 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	53	42	116	24	120	26	43	53	52	38	97	29	480	13
	broadleaves	0	.	36	45	7	100	0	.	0	.	53	37	96	28
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	53	42	152	21	127	25	43	53	52	38	150	23	576	12
88-91 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	29	63	92	29	103	28	29	50	92	30	42	41	388	15
	broadleaves	0	.	41	41	7	100	0	0	0	.	7	100	56	35
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	29	63	133	24	111	27	29	50	92	30	49	38	443	13
92-95 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	29	50	7	100	90	29	29	50	39	45	36	51	231	18
	broadleaves	0	.	48	46	13	71	7	100	0	.	22	74	91	33
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	29	50	55	42	104	27	37	45	39	45	59	42	322	16
96-99 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	8	100	14	71	14	71	21	58	7	100	14	71	78	30
	broadleaves	0	.	13	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	15	71	29	50
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	8	100	27	50	14	71	21	58	7	100	30	50	107	26
100-103 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	19	72	0	.	38	45	0	.	0	.	14	71	70	34
	broadleaves	0	.	16	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	24	76
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	19	72	16	100	38	45	0	.	0	.	21	58	94	32
104-107 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	7	100	7	100	7	100	0	.	14	71	0	.	36	45
	broadleaves	0	.	14	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	71
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	7	100	21	58	7	100	0	.	14	71	0	.	50	38
108-111 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	21	58	7	100	0	.	0	.	29	50
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6	100	6	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	21	58	7	100	0	.	6	100	35	45
112-115 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	7	100	7	100	14	71	0	.	30	50	18	72	76	32
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	7	100	7	100	14	71	0	.	30	50	18	72	76	32
116-119 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	7	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	7	100	21	58
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	7	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	15	71	28	50
120-123 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
124-127 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100
128-131 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
132-135 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
136-139 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100
140-143 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
144-147 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
148-151 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	8	100
152-155 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
156-159 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
160-163 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	71	14	71
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	14	71	14	71
164-167 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
168-171 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
172-175 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
176-179 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
180-183 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
184-187 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
188-191 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0
192-195 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
196-199 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
=200 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	7	100
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	conifers	34736	5	44181	5	87073	4	34522	8	53440	6	25885	8	279837	2
	broadleaves	38034	5	47665	4	51248	5	10685	13	8926	14	47849	6	204406	2
	indeterminable	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0
	total	72770	3	91846	3	138321	3	45207	7	62366	5	73733	4	484244	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1303282. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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