Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

top

2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

top

3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

top

4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

top

5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

top

6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

top

7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

top

8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

top

9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

top

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
forest type (17 classes)
regional demarcation: forest district (2024)
unit: 1000 m³
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	forest district (2024)
	AG01		AG02		AG03		AG04		AI01		AR01		BE01		BE02		BE03		BE04		BSBL01		BSBL02		BSBL03		BSBL04		FR01		FR02		FR03		FR04		GE01		GL01		GR01		GR02		GR03		GR04		GR05		JU01		LU01		LU02		LU03		NE01		NE02		NE03		NE04		NE06		NW01		OW01		OW02		SG01		SG02		SG03		SG04		SG05		SH01		SO01		SO02		SO03		SO04		SZ01		SZ02		SZ03		TG01		TG02		TG03		TI01		TI02		TI03		TI04		TI05		TI06		TI07		TI08		TI09		UR01		UR02		UR03		VD02		VD03		VD04		VD05		VD06		VD07		VD08		VD09		VD11		VD12		VD14		VD15		VD16		VD18		VD20		VD22		VS01		VS02		VS03		ZG01		ZH01		ZH02		ZH03		ZH04		ZH05		ZH06		ZH07		lakes		Switzerland
forest type (17 classes)	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
inaccessible forest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
shrub forest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
permanently unstocked forest area	114	.	0	.	0	.	92	104	31	.	0	.	152	78	364	80	267	69	45	.	157	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	80	.	131	85	128	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	94	66	0	.	50	64	0	.	283	100	479	83	376	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	156	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	532	73	0	.	154	.	0	.	79	.	0	.	0	.	25	.	0	.	0	.	71	.	0	.	122	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	107	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	120	72	0	.	0	.	247	.	69	.	243	.	0	.	622	95	16	.	62	71	0	.	147	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	5618	20
temporarily unstocked forest area	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	36	.	194	83	10	.	73	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	34	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	.	119	100	0	.	81	85	248	62	197	48	17	.	0	.	0	.	4	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	68	.	0	.	0	.	111	88	0	.	0	.	11	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	115	.	25	73	0	.	0	.	59	81	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	52	.	170	.	0	.	16	.	0	.	52	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	23	100	8	.	10	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1736	22
aisle, embankment	0	.	0	.	0	.	197	.	0	.	0	.	161	72	99	.	43	.	0	.	49	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	25	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	67	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	144	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	795	38
permanently open stand	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	433	53	0	.	74	.	169	83	0	.	0	.	16	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	121	.	0	.	0	.	271	59	174	72	52	.	608	45	208	85	517	45	151	91	0	.	0	.	96	82	0	.	98	73	0	.	22	.	88	.	0	.	43	.	0	.	0	.	82	.	29	85	0	.	217	83	0	.	118	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	88	.	63	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	200	87	12	.	0	.	5	.	284	78	36	88	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	141	.	66	.	108	.	0	.	0	.	84	.	0	.	152	.	299	51	0	.	167	.	204	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	347	38	234	55	479	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	6556	13
(nut) orchard, plantation	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	73	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	120	.	169	.	0	.	69	.	288	71	116	.	130	.	187	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	310	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1462	34
coppice forest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	160	75	0	.	0	.	25	100	27	.	0	.	85	83	558	49	59	.	214	99	0	.	138	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	42	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	246	.	0	.	458	73	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	152	.	0	.	0	.	85	80	51	.	106	.	674	37	604	45	2236	24	0	.	419	58	667	38	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	18	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	71	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	12	.	80	60	165	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7353	13
coppice with standards	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	121	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	34	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	162	.	0	.	133	101	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	90	.	83	.	113	.	78	.	181	72	630	41	21	.	118	71	322	72	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	149	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	98	.	0	.	0	.	2335	22
selection type high forest	102	.	20	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	3340	24	2138	27	66	.	213	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	84	.	244	73	189	74	165	.	0	.	102	.	594	47	775	44	782	39	920	38	1742	29	79	.	857	45	304	65	777	41	121	86	944	44	0	.	272	84	672	47	200	.	164	81	77	.	0	.	91	.	62	.	0	.	256	76	0	.	57	.	111	.	0	.	201	71	122	.	171	88	0	.	149	71	0	.	0	.	161	.	196	71	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	80	72	76	.	25	.	122	.	0	.	40	.	0	.	121	.	105	79	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	463	41	128	73	169	74	77	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1122	32	1123	31	697	44	251	73	0	.	0	.	0	.	132	73	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	22249	8
non-uniform high forest	118	.	255	58	325	53	88	.	291	.	200	71	3318	22	2679	24	1026	40	1699	29	162	73	0	.	294	58	0	.	0	.	0	.	629	50	642	58	0	.	1352	38	1026	35	1133	39	381	51	2339	26	1605	28	2359	28	715	46	530	61	1721	35	0	.	629	48	727	42	534	59	868	51	227	87	864	48	867	44	696	59	476	73	1009	47	851	50	1005	47	121	.	85	.	278	.	111	.	260	58	150	.	35	.	225	69	294	72	0	.	286	59	503	58	2392	56	725	49	252	55	791	38	163	.	772	39	542	47	511	54	561	68	181	.	781	47	313	61	217	84	748	60	470	.	7	.	557	51	0	.	0	.	509	50	181	77	577	51	638	50	71	.	0	.	0	.	297	.	1164	34	2816	24	2180	26	0	.	274	.	413	58	109	69	204	73	204	71	212	88	36	.	0	.	55857	6
young growth/ thicket	154	72	57	71	72	.	28	56	0	.	133	72	1284	34	415	44	330	61	73	100	46	.	9	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	73	72	97	75	101	.	24	71	46	100	452	49	19	.	343	100	734	44	389	60	96	57	25	.	321	66	198	68	0	.	0	.	52	.	52	95	0	.	0	.	23	.	4	.	52	.	19	100	55	70	14	77	0	.	80	85	0	.	55	72	1	.	0	.	14	.	146	63	67	.	0	.	0	.	117	.	4	77	0	.	0	.	0	.	27	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	37	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	72	.	0	.	-12	.	0	.	0	.	99	81	213	62	82	100	0	.	0	.	26	100	0	.	0	.	10	.	0	.	0	0	82	59	0	.	78	71	38	.	6	.	186	61	174	72	0	.	12	.	0	.	0	.	7404	12
poletimber	433	40	401	39	363	54	109	63	0	.	266	88	1199	29	463	41	1690	24	224	48	192	53	200	53	331	57	0	.	85	.	143	97	231	66	484	54	0	.	424	68	175	86	130	79	328	44	1107	30	436	41	682	51	465	48	724	46	708	41	336	54	135	73	47	.	50	70	0	.	135	.	112	70	172	92	320	53	226	60	148	79	0	.	146	100	318	52	249	62	86	69	129	58	168	77	395	54	448	57	95	.	364	48	223	59	344	57	102	61	352	44	77	86	170	74	0	.	249	65	788	34	71	78	117	75	99	.	258	77	331	69	167	65	305	51	237	74	379	58	438	62	39	.	51	.	289	58	0	.	42	.	0	.	250	66	77	.	132	79	0	.	113	72	779	32	306	49	589	40	120	71	107	.	467	44	119	59	457	59	428	48	242	63	383	47	0	.	25766	6
young timber	215	74	574	44	131	70	553	55	218	.	284	71	789	37	1086	40	2305	26	1129	33	0	.	211	80	246	71	0	.	276	72	776	45	540	55	304	89	0	.	300	62	996	43	915	46	313	59	963	39	967	36	1177	39	379	73	964	41	179	71	0	.	263	87	0	.	17	.	0	.	434	78	151	79	984	47	110	.	624	60	865	45	354	85	58	.	734	41	99	.	235	71	228	56	180	76	89	.	129	.	0	.	374	73	167	74	478	50	0	.	590	48	74	.	126	62	245	66	119	.	748	47	626	48	363	52	741	50	0	.	150	74	513	46	231	75	54	.	0	.	0	.	309	59	146	78	0	.	80	.	384	58	616	56	118	.	346	59	57	.	0	.	0	.	1271	30	1143	42	914	38	222	.	235	71	0	.	1093	41	698	45	265	72	71	.	454	60	0	.	36373	6
medium timber	1395	33	328	58	427	60	61	.	781	61	1000	60	2383	29	1125	44	3102	27	2930	26	114	.	691	52	887	45	0	.	524	64	1149	50	1152	42	1117	44	301	71	1035	40	1606	34	1129	41	1215	44	1928	30	3593	21	1776	30	825	51	846	51	405	73	338	75	231	73	245	71	0	.	517	63	1029	51	140	85	517	71	793	59	679	55	521	52	298	71	2229	33	1518	32	1182	40	629	43	429	52	1368	38	373	64	530	62	1159	40	197	71	467	51	227	71	70	.	575	52	134	80	60	.	273	82	336	64	698	50	291	63	835	48	285	.	729	73	735	60	375	79	293	58	366	72	608	62	277	71	1070	40	0	.	155	66	985	38	167	71	453	60	134	.	257	73	375	71	194	.	0	.	1359	43	760	49	1735	33	454	58	683	51	910	48	722	45	752	46	197	76	382	60	278	71	0	.	68401	5
old timber	635	48	611	53	803	50	3276	25	2199	39	2831	33	7378	19	8320	17	7964	16	3476	23	165	.	477	61	811	58	252	.	725	58	1830	39	1987	33	2148	34	151	.	1870	39	3827	25	1500	33	3357	27	5989	19	4365	22	5129	21	1287	38	2693	32	2903	30	564	60	788	60	430	76	615	58	1517	40	1097	46	532	75	2497	34	2231	37	912	63	2166	31	1965	40	2594	33	1199	42	1522	36	0	.	1014	43	471	59	2353	33	1782	36	1791	37	1555	40	1638	37	1482	36	579	58	935	57	933	43	468	52	261	81	0	.	661	47	260	84	777	57	756	53	488	60	439	72	1234	48	1216	50	1243	51	775	52	0	.	1454	36	321	.	0	.	257	.	1114	46	475	59	821	50	300	73	606	46	97	.	689	58	4484	21	1839	36	3834	24	420	73	649	58	265	75	1790	38	1403	41	636	56	282	60	752	44	0	.	145185	3
incomplete survey	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
total	3166	20	2245	22	2121	26	4404	20	3520	29	4750	24	20632	9	16697	10	16939	10	9958	12	884	34	1589	32	2585	26	252	.	1694	35	4330	23	5236	18	5089	21	475	55	5426	19	9118	14	5748	17	7494	16	15046	10	13943	10	11963	12	5033	19	6895	17	6990	17	1393	33	3088	24	1501	32	1562	34	3819	23	3164	27	2030	30	5129	22	4202	25	3108	28	4855	20	4259	25	6573	19	4744	18	3312	23	1717	28	1913	27	2648	24	3620	24	3304	24	3337	25	3157	24	2610	26	3080	22	1593	31	5295	29	2591	24	1840	22	2452	22	4026	17	4168	18	2569	22	3810	20	2627	28	1655	40	2476	28	2743	27	2883	27	3031	29	2238	34	738	45	3620	21	669	53	809	34	2675	22	2286	27	2523	25	2267	26	1370	33	1238	33	544	60	1098	46	11185	13	8408	14	10664	13	1544	33	2276	28	2060	28	4019	22	3819	21	1733	29	1299	30	1903	26	0	.	387089	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 2276606. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

back