Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI4
number of stems
forest type (17 classes)
regional demarcation: forest district (2024)
unit: n/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2009/17
	forest district (2024)
	AG01		AG02		AG03		AG04		AI01		AR01		BE01		BE02		BE03		BE04		BSBL01		BSBL02		BSBL03		BSBL04		FR01		FR02		FR03		FR04		GE01		GL01		GR01		GR02		GR03		GR04		GR05		JU01		LU01		LU02		LU03		NE01		NE02		NE03		NE04		NE06		NW01		OW01		OW02		SG01		SG02		SG03		SG04		SG05		SH01		SO01		SO02		SO03		SO04		SZ01		SZ02		SZ03		TG01		TG02		TG03		TI01		TI02		TI03		TI04		TI05		TI06		TI07		TI08		TI09		UR01		UR02		UR03		VD02		VD03		VD04		VD05		VD06		VD07		VD08		VD09		VD11		VD12		VD14		VD15		VD16		VD18		VD20		VD22		VS01		VS02		VS03		ZG01		ZH01		ZH02		ZH03		ZH04		ZH05		ZH06		ZH07		lakes		Switzerland
forest type (17 classes)	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%	n/ha	±%
n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
inaccessible forest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
shrub forest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
permanently unstocked forest area	410	.	240	53	110	.	159	1	0	.	0	.	138	59	539	14	377	25	957	12	389	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	164	41	623	39	570	.	0	.	150	.	0	.	70	.	280	0	200	.	166	38	426	46	506	31	173	.	762	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	200	.	0	.	170	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	199	.	423	.	0	.	265	15	0	.	131	46	0	.	0	.	100	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	310	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	240	.	76	23	0	.	0	.	0	.	70	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	340	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	60	.	0	.	170	.	707	23	224	.	139	45	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	305	.	0	.	0	.	316	11
temporarily unstocked forest area	0	.	70	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	94	46	100	.	0	.	110	6	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	50	.	0	.	580	.	0	.	20	.	0	.	0	.	20	.	0	.	129	21	46	50	0	.	0	.	0	.	70	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	40	.	50	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	314	49	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	50	.	0	.	0	.	20	.	0	.	140	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	73	83	36	69	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	95	21
aisle, embankment	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	40	.	190	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	290	.	0	.	1650	.	20	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	530	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	450	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	293	49
permanently open stand	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	290	.	428	57	40	.	0	.	280	.	0	.	0	.	120	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	213	25	263	21	280	.	154	39	289	36	327	28	40	.	0	.	0	.	100	.	0	.	340	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	330	11	0	.	0	.	0	.	200	.	789	.	0	.	390	.	0	.	0	.	250	.	0	.	298	8	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	70	.	450	.	0	.	0	.	80	0	145	61	0	.	200	.	0	.	0	.	205	16	20	.	95	29	0	.	0	.	316	35	0	.	0	.	266	25	0	.	0	.	162	20	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	188	28	598	22	451	42	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	268	10
(nut) orchard, plantation	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	740	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	486	6	0	.	250	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	400	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	468	16
coppice forest	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	90	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	600	.	0	.	390	.	648	.	430	.	971	.	991	3	669	19	631	46	211	74	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	220	.	0	.	0	.	870	.	100	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	740	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	473	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	209	7	580	.	831	13	552	17	723	10	516	25	734	23	831	15	40	.	0	.	580	.	0	.	615	20	800	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	850	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	523	12	443	21	635	9	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	655	5
coppice with standards	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	760	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	527	.	0	.	430	23	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	704	.	620	.	85	29	710	.	350	.	320	.	290	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	410	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	90	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	412	15
selection type high forest	0	.	580	.	510	.	0	.	90	.	0	.	434	10	465	12	431	16	514	10	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	50	.	800	.	0	.	732	27	378	15	326	20	219	35	504	10	373	24	428	20	290	.	395	27	600	26	0	.	394	20	298	9	527	15	409	18	570	.	400	.	586	54	279	8	0	.	337	14	990	.	750	.	0	.	190	.	0	.	0	.	150	.	0	.	219	35	309	9	500	.	0	.	0	.	532	22	502	31	642	3	510	.	210	.	0	.	281	28	0	.	430	.	532	.	0	.	755	13	860	.	170	.	198	33	0	.	0	.	287	43	0	.	0	.	245	25	340	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	170	.	0	.	0	.	397	12	427	10	479	13	390	.	390	.	0	.	417	6	140	0	0	.	50	.	400	.	0	.	424	4
non-uniform high forest	370	5	0	.	219	29	224	6	0	.	0	.	488	10	413	9	323	34	543	12	370	29	0	.	497	6	210	.	440	.	420	.	370	34	491	13	0	.	483	24	431	14	399	16	475	16	557	13	429	11	474	12	626	12	495	49	591	13	319	2	469	41	551	3	448	19	433	31	402	23	763	18	405	24	331	18	905	60	481	23	556	40	645	14	0	.	675	5	576	11	480	13	567	30	383	13	240	44	500	.	440	29	272	.	310	33	398	27	541	22	476	19	200	.	356	25	411	23	664	14	397	18	426	10	491	24	360	.	348	22	458	13	352	21	730	.	310	.	200	.	531	9	0	.	60	.	549	10	600	.	416	13	586	8	0	.	412	.	0	.	0	.	518	12	552	17	471	14	430	.	0	.	0	.	280	.	240	6	410	.	340	.	40	.	0	.	476	3
young growth/ thicket	90	35	94	42	50	.	129	37	0	.	134	55	130	21	143	23	109	27	221	42	53	49	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	30	27	151	19	141	36	0	.	216	26	176	34	310	25	175	24	88	42	113	69	86	35	190	17	124	48	344	10	270	.	0	.	0	.	137	75	0	.	0	.	95	71	14	88	142	41	49	91	163	38	0	.	196	32	80	71	0	.	0	.	30	85	0	.	27	.	150	.	40	.	104	56	0	.	40	.	35	30	290	.	0	.	50	.	61	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	45	70	0	.	0	.	130	.	230	.	0	.	0	.	130	.	100	.	50	.	50	.	0	.	108	29	0	.	200	.	40	.	140	.	0	.	100	.	129	43	272	39	91	35	95	19	210	.	213	30	113	41	125	43	79	33	195	2	20	.	0	.	123	6
poletimber	608	17	819	12	758	11	612	14	0	.	573	33	443	16	580	21	646	12	536	39	417	7	550	26	498	29	0	.	640	23	643	16	835	28	726	61	0	.	677	39	676	8	450	17	763	25	618	17	792	12	514	14	639	29	630	11	538	17	542	19	644	25	493	30	375	5	0	.	1402	20	0	.	1250	.	1031	16	210	.	752	9	0	.	507	3	712	14	672	16	750	.	582	20	537	19	754	9	626	25	1000	.	785	18	657	18	771	18	557	18	595	26	405	17	442	52	420	.	707	20	693	16	325	33	850	26	1090	.	520	45	501	22	603	14	383	29	750	.	881	2	729	27	585	43	610	28	870	19	0	.	1043	20	787	45	200	.	1410	.	500	.	0	.	850	.	782	14	534	15	664	19	484	20	911	30	840	.	654	25	663	35	485	30	900	.	504	20	0	.	646	3
young timber	623	23	314	18	450	.	724	.	740	.	1061	14	688	13	490	15	464	14	710	15	0	.	440	11	598	10	0	.	361	44	1038	13	860	16	788	3	505	6	673	18	752	17	484	36	382	23	627	14	607	12	482	17	497	34	563	18	647	16	810	.	680	.	0	.	0	.	480	.	697	18	520	.	801	21	572	15	820	16	860	25	850	38	434	13	525	15	663	13	573	12	438	35	542	13	580	12	510	21	765	24	478	16	890	.	536	20	120	.	432	30	0	.	391	19	734	38	780	.	801	25	633	24	471	17	1041	5	0	.	125	.	870	.	784	49	170	.	1000	.	388	20	536	28	0	.	0	.	350	8	555	.	598	3	0	.	621	31	272	12	782	.	0	.	386	17	732	29	582	13	490	.	600	.	364	19	649	26	429	13	580	.	467	16	381	7	0	.	600	3
medium timber	253	13	172	21	326	6	247	29	531	16	519	14	480	11	310	19	388	13	592	9	230	.	369	26	513	21	0	.	605	15	427	20	379	15	376	18	0	.	560	13	385	12	451	20	394	14	533	15	368	8	454	9	295	15	474	19	405	19	275	17	290	5	354	9	0	.	321	19	537	14	0	.	718	3	362	14	755	6	357	18	421	18	377	18	437	16	379	25	298	25	343	3	320	16	519	16	413	15	325	16	452	13	391	20	261	22	0	.	511	23	342	8	315	6	0	.	411	24	519	16	427	18	300	.	990	.	763	13	647	14	495	5	276	13	1423	18	689	32	180	.	668	20	730	.	267	18	520	14	320	.	383	17	250	.	571	37	0	.	301	49	190	.	394	23	499	19	565	13	351	20	379	20	330	11	240	13	335	11	333	11	408	17	310	.	0	.	427	3
old timber	249	15	267	36	257	16	262	10	440	13	438	8	391	13	312	8	297	7	372	12	246	36	250	40	324	23	0	.	357	6	359	17	333	17	234	21	520	.	342	26	268	10	344	11	364	11	280	16	282	12	301	13	313	15	375	10	519	12	423	15	422	8	245	10	335	7	326	20	393	21	661	.	448	14	332	7	381	19	368	15	394	14	331	16	282	16	247	15	147	17	216	26	151	40	322	16	390	9	260	14	579	15	314	12	265	21	313	41	240	28	364	30	495	25	315	37	0	.	193	31	140	.	330	2	440	5	347	24	210	.	322	22	382	22	400	11	430	23	0	.	266	20	308	6	145	2	233	17	306	11	300	8	296	18	230	.	537	40	240	.	493	15	224	10	372	12	379	9	360	.	248	12	130	32	303	17	271	15	271	11	325	5	243	16	0	.	323	2
total	295	13	294	18	410	15	287	11	442	14	499	12	402	6	369	6	370	6	525	7	253	20	403	15	456	10	210	.	422	16	484	14	432	12	399	14	378	24	432	11	378	7	394	9	416	11	463	7	417	6	399	6	438	11	420	9	508	7	447	13	445	11	378	11	362	15	373	11	636	16	489	18	481	14	396	14	549	18	450	13	536	15	412	9	452	9	434	12	376	14	301	16	442	13	426	11	388	11	370	15	492	12	430	14	395	14	423	22	449	12	428	10	542	13	486	13	653	8	519	11	489	13	564	12	616	15	549	17	551	11	440	12	393	16	620	22	504	19	391	27	421	13	359	30	358	29	384	10	440	17	475	15	349	13	594	24	342	23	398	32	401	26	401	7	483	8	466	7	330	17	420	18	325	14	382	16	327	12	331	17	373	16	366	16	0	.	430	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 2302963. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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