Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
protection forest (2022) · main tree species
regional demarcation: canton
unit: 1000 m³
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		canton
		AG		AI		AR		BE		BL/BS		FR		GE		GL		GR		JU		LU		NE		NW		OW		SG		SH		SO		SZ		TG		TI		UR		VD		VS		ZG		ZH		Switzerland
protection forest (2022)	main tree species	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fir	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
inside	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	1402	40	919	42	12900	10	151	76	4210	22	0	.	1327	34	20945	8	389	47	1095	37	700	42	860	52	2472	26	4816	18	82	100	134	78	2606	25	314	49	6245	22	2839	28	2852	27	12888	11	368	57	1178	32	81691	4
	fir	0	.	206	58	1019	44	7018	13	31	100	1259	34	0	.	296	69	1296	27	1085	32	507	51	706	39	337	61	770	47	2575	22	0	.	64	85	1635	29	139	56	1132	30	789	36	2221	26	1508	28	132	65	538	35	25264	7
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	293	44	48	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	1123	26	127	56	18	100	73	72	0	.	42	100	53	100	0	0	2	100	0	.	12	100	58	62	224	60	0	0	1446	22	0	.	150	54	3669	13
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	37	91	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4502	14	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	160	60	0	.	0	.	57	100	14	100	3377	17	0	.	72	78	6477	14	40	100	0	.	14735	8
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	12	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	691	29	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	687	29	0	.	0	.	1391	20
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	9	100	83	97	0	.	0	.	0	.	3	100	8	71	11	74	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	7	338	0	.	0	.	4	100	2	100	82	98	7	100	6	100	5	89	0	.	59	58	294	42
	beech	0	.	157	78	202	48	6219	14	713	37	1070	31	0	.	515	43	1322	28	1578	24	1157	32	161	38	353	50	696	37	3586	19	173	74	314	54	1455	29	372	57	5601	13	577	41	1583	24	754	32	260	50	716	29	29535	6
	maple	0	.	8	100	80	58	1194	17	104	71	321	33	0	.	335	43	348	28	158	52	194	35	114	43	103	44	170	65	1353	20	0	.	115	74	254	36	179	86	238	39	64	55	539	24	313	34	100	50	263	37	6548	8
	ash	0	.	0	.	178	72	543	42	27	72	426	57	0	.	225	49	219	49	266	58	126	50	1	100	84	61	112	79	603	29	0	.	71	68	513	43	106	69	602	40	76	52	604	40	300	39	78	75	241	59	5400	12
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	114	62	19	100	61	98	0	.	0	.	85	100	73	89	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	52	89	0	.	0	.	19	100	105	61	843	23	36	100	217	52	144	54	0	.	46	58	1813	16
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	407	50	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4419	15	0	.	0	.	97	52	0	.	0	.	4924	14
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	54	93	607	25	51	69	109	42	0	.	100	50	1252	25	139	47	74	60	9	71	23	61	36	49	297	27	0	.	103	64	146	53	28	73	2809	14	87	44	110	41	642	21	7	63	50	56	6735	8
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0
	total	0	.	1774	38	2462	33	29020	8	1143	36	7457	17	0	.	2801	27	32198	7	3826	21	3171	25	1765	30	1759	38	4306	23	13501	12	255	80	803	38	6689	18	1272	37	25406	7	4698	22	8204	17	25262	8	985	41	3240	22	181997	3
outside	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	2592	21	1162	50	1177	41	14072	10	601	41	3453	21	4	75	1825	34	11717	12	1850	27	5562	15	3783	17	713	51	1460	34	4975	21	1306	30	1583	28	2513	24	2258	23	519	44	1252	34	8526	11	1582	28	331	65	4579	16	79396	4
	fir	1398	28	402	54	532	61	9137	12	511	39	999	35	4	100	205	64	809	41	2805	25	5766	15	3886	19	31	81	489	47	1059	31	184	59	1241	23	396	47	1238	35	167	100	72	63	4806	14	113	58	137	60	1516	24	37903	5
	pine	143	58	0	.	0	.	1031	34	250	37	331	55	67	100	0	.	1500	24	256	49	229	58	50	100	4	100	176	100	41	100	330	39	318	32	65	88	392	44	66	100	0	.	181	46	444	35	0	.	690	24	6564	11
	larch	286	41	0	.	0	.	211	55	27	71	97	69	0	.	50	100	3114	17	22	100	28	59	41	100	0	.	18	100	58	79	36	59	20	100	0	.	56	71	537	31	0	.	420	34	2073	25	0	.	285	37	7379	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	808	27	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	0	.	187	39	0	.	0	.	1002	23
	other conifers	198	50	0	.	5	100	442	48	252	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	27	47	0	.	352	71	8	100	0	.	0	.	337	100	66	100	57	58	0	.	3	100	0	.	0	.	99	60	8	76	0	.	16	81	1870	29
	beech	4567	16	165	59	292	52	7172	11	1604	25	2296	24	0	.	420	44	525	35	1837	24	2483	21	1143	20	133	83	670	49	1671	27	1986	22	4116	16	370	43	1363	20	238	43	424	56	5137	14	132	99	54	78	3588	16	42386	4
	maple	636	22	17	100	186	54	1141	17	323	31	245	35	0	.	35	56	84	47	350	28	355	28	452	34	33	126	29	71	393	36	101	53	612	22	83	49	294	34	8	65	106	58	653	19	62	70	0	.	1013	21	7212	7
	ash	743	29	0	.	76	70	743	27	282	49	917	31	9	100	35	96	82	61	503	32	449	61	98	47	428	70	4	100	745	39	231	46	391	30	62	72	672	29	148	71	135	86	706	25	42	52	37	100	1020	24	8560	9
	oak	688	35	0	.	0	.	514	23	170	57	169	46	384	58	0	.	64	100	260	52	305	48	87	60	5	100	0	.	45	68	210	47	212	42	0	.	858	50	95	69	50	100	936	27	87	48	0	.	512	28	5652	12
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	108	96	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	419	42	0	.	6	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	533	38
	other broadleaves	684	24	0	.	21	60	743	21	147	37	383	39	8	86	55	94	311	50	254	45	218	32	50	41	57	74	7	76	170	58	39	48	236	46	82	61	441	36	733	35	21	64	1059	35	264	32	0	.	650	27	6635	10
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0
	total	11935	11	1747	46	2288	36	35206	7	4167	20	8892	15	475	55	2625	28	19149	9	8137	16	15747	11	9598	13	1405	38	2853	28	9495	17	4488	19	8788	13	3572	21	7575	15	2938	19	2061	31	22529	8	4994	18	558	55	13869	10	205091	2
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	2592	21	2564	31	2096	30	26972	7	751	36	7664	15	4	75	3152	24	32662	7	2239	23	6657	14	4483	15	1573	37	3932	21	9791	14	1388	28	1717	27	5119	17	2572	21	6765	21	4090	22	11378	11	14470	10	699	43	5757	14	161087	3
	fir	1398	28	609	41	1551	36	16155	9	541	38	2259	24	4	100	501	48	2105	23	3889	20	6273	14	4592	17	368	56	1259	34	3634	18	184	59	1306	22	2031	25	1377	32	1298	29	862	33	7026	13	1621	26	269	44	2054	20	63168	4
	pine	143	58	0	.	0	.	1324	28	297	35	331	55	67	100	0	.	2623	17	383	37	246	54	123	59	4	100	217	83	95	71	330	39	320	32	65	88	404	42	124	61	224	60	181	46	1891	19	0	.	840	22	10232	8
	larch	286	41	0	.	0	.	248	48	27	71	97	69	0	.	50	100	7615	11	22	100	28	59	41	100	0	.	18	100	218	49	36	59	20	100	57	100	70	60	3914	15	0	.	492	31	8549	12	40	100	285	37	22114	6
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	12	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	1499	20	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	0	.	874	24	0	.	0	.	2393	15
	other conifers	198	50	0	.	14	74	525	43	252	100	0	.	0	.	3	100	35	40	11	74	352	71	8	100	0	.	8	100	344	98	66	100	57	58	4	100	5	72	82	98	7	100	105	57	13	58	0	.	75	49	2163	26
	beech	4567	16	323	48	494	36	13391	9	2317	20	3366	19	0	.	935	31	1847	22	3416	17	3640	17	1304	18	486	42	1366	30	5257	15	2159	21	4431	15	1826	25	1734	20	5839	12	1001	33	6720	12	886	31	314	43	4304	14	71921	3
	maple	636	22	25	75	266	42	2336	12	428	29	566	24	0	.	370	39	432	24	508	24	549	22	566	28	136	46	199	57	1746	18	101	53	727	22	336	30	473	39	246	38	170	42	1192	15	376	31	100	50	1276	18	13760	5
	ash	743	29	0	.	254	55	1285	24	309	45	1343	28	9	100	260	44	301	39	770	29	575	49	99	46	511	59	116	76	1347	25	231	46	462	27	576	39	779	27	750	35	211	58	1310	23	342	35	115	60	1261	22	13959	7
	oak	688	35	0	.	0	.	628	22	189	52	231	43	384	58	0	.	149	71	332	45	305	48	87	60	5	100	0	.	97	57	210	47	212	42	19	100	963	45	939	21	86	72	1153	24	231	38	0	.	558	26	7465	10
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	515	44	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	4838	14	0	.	6	100	97	52	0	.	0	.	5456	12
	other broadleaves	684	24	0	.	75	69	1350	16	198	33	492	32	8	86	155	46	1563	22	393	34	292	29	59	37	81	55	43	43	466	27	39	48	339	37	228	40	469	34	3542	13	108	38	1169	32	906	17	7	63	700	26	13369	6
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0
	total	11935	11	3520	29	4750	24	64227	5	5310	17	16349	11	475	55	5426	19	51347	5	11963	12	18918	10	11363	11	3164	27	7159	18	22996	10	4744	18	9590	12	10261	14	8847	14	28344	7	6758	18	30732	7	30257	7	1544	33	17110	9	387089	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1338328. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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