Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
main tree species · diameter at breast height (main diameter classes)
regional demarcation: protection forest region
unit: 1000 m³
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
		protection forest region
		Jura + Plateau		Northwestern Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
main tree species	diameter at breast height (main diameter classes)	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	36-51 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
spruce	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	941	13	769	14	284	17	354	16	720	16	210	20	3279	6
	16-23 cm	3062	10	2413	10	1404	13	1281	16	2349	10	667	15	11175	5
	24-35 cm	7471	8	7013	8	4378	11	3305	12	5755	10	2110	19	30032	4
	36-51 cm	13021	6	14529	7	9138	9	4930	11	10479	8	4135	15	56231	3
	=52 cm	16758	7	18176	7	14695	9	5489	13	11390	10	5473	14	71981	3
	total	41253	5	42901	5	29898	7	15359	9	30693	7	12596	12	172699	2
fir	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	645	13	317	15	112	21	56	53	3	59	24	31	1156	9
	16-23 cm	2081	9	989	20	405	21	90	36	28	51	77	34	3670	8
	24-35 cm	4505	9	2698	13	1189	25	310	35	87	46	288	39	9077	7
	36-51 cm	9177	7	4049	10	2901	12	530	32	250	32	503	32	17411	5
	=52 cm	15335	7	9528	10	5102	14	656	35	1029	26	1176	27	32826	5
	total	31742	5	17581	8	9710	11	1642	26	1397	24	2068	24	64140	4
pine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	11	42	15	53	7	70	54	39	100	29	7	65	194	19
	16-23 cm	142	57	50	71	14	111	404	29	260	23	7	100	877	18
	24-35 cm	593	27	168	55	154	47	675	23	526	30	41	86	2156	14
	36-51 cm	2174	13	359	50	198	37	624	21	1041	25	69	63	4465	10
	=52 cm	1507	17	209	50	129	56	162	41	790	25	41	74	2838	12
	total	4427	11	801	41	503	34	1918	18	2717	17	165	49	10531	8
larch	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	35	43	12	53	10	49	100	37	47	28	82	41	286	19
	16-23 cm	146	53	44	47	10	100	525	19	200	21	376	20	1300	12
	24-35 cm	170	44	105	50	90	58	1166	17	767	19	1446	16	3745	9
	36-51 cm	333	27	113	64	93	67	2699	16	2212	13	1944	14	7395	8
	=52 cm	546	25	189	49	264	46	4979	14	4044	13	2941	14	12963	7
	total	1230	18	463	33	466	36	9470	12	7270	11	6789	11	25688	6
Arolla pine	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	45	71	56	48	1	73	103	41
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	125	51	161	25	2	100	288	26
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	231	27	531	22	5	100	768	17
	36-51 cm	0	.	12	100	0	.	273	28	545	21	0	.	831	16
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	373	31	475	27	0	.	848	20
	total	0	.	12	100	0	.	1047	22	1768	18	9	94	2836	13
other conifers	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	45	31	6	55	10	55	6	79	16	36	1	100	85	20
	16-23 cm	145	24	12	87	30	37	8	82	20	35	0	.	215	18
	24-35 cm	133	49	35	60	-9	315	0	0	5	100	0	.	164	45
	36-51 cm	285	31	5	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	16	100	306	29
	=52 cm	1296	39	81	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	65	100	1442	36
	total	1904	29	138	64	32	81	13	58	42	35	82	98	2211	25
beech	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	1004	9	204	17	168	28	34	30	13	34	283	15	1705	7
	16-23 cm	2898	7	1043	15	794	15	179	41	76	41	1071	15	6061	6
	24-35 cm	7686	7	2897	11	2069	15	310	36	243	34	2178	16	15384	5
	36-51 cm	15746	5	4335	13	4272	12	215	50	517	32	1661	14	26747	4
	=52 cm	14998	6	3772	15	2985	16	182	56	460	41	1446	17	23844	5
	total	42332	4	12251	10	10289	10	920	30	1310	27	6638	11	73741	3
maple	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	380	20	153	18	77	22	82	34	26	44	65	33	785	12
	16-23 cm	1122	12	565	16	318	22	144	26	40	43	161	32	2350	8
	24-35 cm	2416	10	1123	16	1291	17	152	34	135	32	176	40	5294	7
	36-51 cm	2233	9	737	17	970	15	97	67	130	52	76	49	4243	7
	=52 cm	955	19	448	24	503	28	0	.	101	46	0	.	2006	13
	total	7106	7	3026	11	3159	12	475	26	432	30	479	25	14678	5
ash	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	250	26	54	36	75	57	32	43	17	53	94	33	522	17
	16-23 cm	603	14	270	32	250	26	122	38	85	53	211	28	1540	11
	24-35 cm	1517	15	660	32	557	24	180	36	102	44	271	37	3288	11
	36-51 cm	3087	11	790	24	936	22	114	54	36	50	189	39	5151	9
	=52 cm	2928	15	256	47	690	33	15	100	33	100	148	63	4071	12
	total	8385	9	2030	21	2509	16	463	31	274	40	913	30	14573	7
oak	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	94	35	5	82	4	71	29	38	0	.	35	35	167	22
	16-23 cm	307	29	14	65	7	100	70	40	3	100	134	34	535	20
	24-35 cm	954	18	75	41	0	0	98	40	6	100	378	28	1510	14
	36-51 cm	1812	14	142	47	75	53	57	53	28	82	350	28	2463	12
	=52 cm	2768	19	0	0	102	61	22	100	112	71	120	46	3124	17
	total	5934	12	236	37	187	43	276	33	149	71	1017	20	7799	10
sweet chestnut	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	2	100	0	.	209	28	211	28
	16-23 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	9	100	5	100	867	18	881	17
	24-35 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	57	71	5	100	1595	17	1657	16
	36-51 cm	0	.	6	100	0	.	21	70	5	100	1212	19	1244	19
	=52 cm	0	.	0	.	0	.	75	60	8	100	1529	24	1612	23
	total	0	.	6	100	0	.	165	51	23	82	5412	13	5605	12
other broadleaves	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	423	11	248	14	119	18	233	17	169	23	441	15	1633	6
	16-23 cm	986	12	396	18	388	25	395	17	478	24	1154	13	3797	7
	24-35 cm	1280	13	343	22	429	23	277	30	240	32	2011	15	4580	8
	36-51 cm	1312	15	206	35	166	30	190	41	104	46	1248	17	3227	10
	=52 cm	1385	24	378	73	201	36	79	51	116	70	151	39	2311	19
	total	5386	9	1571	22	1304	16	1175	19	1108	21	5004	11	15548	6
indeterminable	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	16-23 cm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	24-35 cm	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	36-51 cm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0
	=52 cm	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	12-15 cm	3826	6	1783	8	868	12	1028	10	1168	11	1452	9	10126	3
	16-23 cm	11491	4	5796	7	3619	9	3352	10	3705	8	4728	6	32690	3
	24-35 cm	26725	4	15117	6	10147	8	6761	9	8404	8	10499	7	77653	2
	36-51 cm	49180	3	25283	5	18751	6	9750	8	15347	6	11404	6	129714	2
	=52 cm	58477	3	33038	5	24672	7	12033	9	18558	7	13089	8	159867	2
	total	149699	2	81017	4	58057	6	32923	7	47182	5	41172	4	410050	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1360407. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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