Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI4
number of stems
diameter at breast height (main diameter classes) · main tree species
regional demarcation: economic region
unit: 1000 n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI1-NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2009/17
		economic region
		Western Jura		Eastern Jura		Western Plateau		Central Plateau		Eastern Plateau		Western Pre-Alps		Central Pre-Alps		Eastern Pre-Alps		Northwestern Alps		Central Alps		Northeastern Alps		Southwestern Alps		Southeastern Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
diameter at breast height (main diameter classes)	main tree species	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%	1000 n	±%
n/a	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	fir	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	larch	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other conifers	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	beech	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	maple	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	ash	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	oak	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	other broadleaves	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	total	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
12-15 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	2788	13	774	29	872	37	2542	20	2902	17	1340	24	3479	15	1427	21	2120	16	883	26	812	23	3675	14	6591	11	1665	17	31871	5
	fir	3364	12	244	36	432	31	1226	18	728	28	543	30	2383	15	814	26	318	31	378	30	183	38	290	35	139	66	305	33	11346	6
	pine	19	100	55	76	0	0	100	100	59	100	0	.	104	85	0	.	75	76	17	100	0	.	1039	33	863	31	49	100	2380	19
	larch	0	.	0	.	293	100	17	100	39	70	22	100	35	100	76	100	145	64	0	.	18	100	981	20	422	23	689	28	2737	16
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	255	43	333	37	32	100	620	27
	other conifers	242	55	86	72	20	100	90	45	240	54	0	.	33	71	56	58	0	.	87	100	15	100	70	61	392	43	0	.	1330	21
	beech	3390	11	1319	18	645	25	1532	17	1838	13	280	34	1977	17	1337	22	560	31	272	31	696	30	526	35	236	37	2999	16	17607	5
	maple	1256	21	328	27	183	46	368	40	717	21	264	35	500	33	385	34	712	29	101	59	156	45	359	30	262	40	305	34	5898	9
	ash	478	24	403	41	451	37	287	30	667	25	129	54	424	33	287	35	173	57	309	42	33	71	160	37	217	47	821	27	4838	10
	oak	687	49	0	0	102	58	33	70	51	58	21	100	15	100	21	100	53	100	18	100	0	.	482	38	0	.	513	34	1997	22
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	2813	21	2830	21
	other broadleaves	1385	16	374	28	413	40	563	28	1206	23	293	34	683	24	602	25	953	23	324	37	458	37	1939	18	1660	26	4884	15	15738	7
	indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	13609	7	3583	14	3427	18	6759	12	8447	9	2892	16	9633	9	5007	13	5108	12	2390	19	2371	18	9776	9	11115	9	15075	8	99193	3
16-23 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	4287	14	739	32	1352	32	2458	19	3378	16	2057	18	4554	14	3214	17	2383	16	1385	24	1573	24	4848	14	8243	10	2368	17	42839	4
	fir	3985	10	379	42	377	32	1746	19	943	35	841	25	2621	14	819	23	365	31	602	31	86	45	355	29	302	36	355	35	13776	6
	pine	88	52	106	53	0	.	251	72	52	57	0	.	243	71	0	.	0	0	88	60	0	.	2161	24	1361	27	32	100	4383	16
	larch	0	0	17	100	106	73	34	71	86	65	66	100	52	100	76	100	106	57	0	.	53	74	1808	16	616	26	1321	22	4341	11
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	516	27	656	27	16	100	1188	19
	other conifers	141	44	34	71	17	100	71	61	259	38	0	.	17	100	75	50	0	.	0	.	34	71	87	60	176	42	0	.	911	18
	beech	5197	10	1363	18	1253	20	1793	14	2284	12	764	33	2696	15	1778	18	929	28	581	31	924	30	807	32	434	33	4397	16	25199	5
	maple	1611	15	403	29	303	36	289	34	1527	23	453	27	627	28	703	27	862	25	153	47	335	31	480	31	160	40	377	37	8283	8
	ash	500	26	622	30	436	28	241	30	780	26	203	39	333	33	667	26	293	35	192	40	162	46	449	45	370	47	690	31	5938	9
	oak	479	36	94	64	507	47	78	51	140	43	0	0	22	100	21	100	107	62	0	.	0	.	321	43	15	100	715	37	2498	17
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	4602	17	4602	17
	other broadleaves	1001	19	234	32	310	32	793	28	994	19	315	36	471	23	578	31	654	32	310	41	485	37	1841	18	2069	28	5326	14	15381	7
	indeterminable	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	17290	6	3991	13	4662	15	7753	10	10441	9	4698	14	11636	8	7932	11	5699	12	3311	17	3653	17	13672	9	14402	8	20198	6	129340	2
24-35 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	4206	12	698	32	1089	27	1780	19	3398	15	2516	20	4691	12	3492	14	2955	16	1333	22	1446	26	4307	12	7522	10	2695	15	42127	4
	fir	3072	14	328	36	287	36	1190	19	812	21	788	32	1961	14	839	21	504	28	425	38	129	42	363	34	109	47	306	39	11111	7
	pine	583	36	231	53	137	56	85	53	206	33	0	.	243	86	0	.	53	100	184	51	0	.	1402	22	1082	25	84	65	4291	13
	larch	17	100	17	100	102	71	0	.	137	50	0	.	0	.	0	.	133	55	0	.	35	100	1726	16	986	20	1734	18	4888	10
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	506	32	904	23	0	.	1410	19
	other conifers	17	100	86	45	52	100	102	53	51	75	0	.	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	15	100	0	0	17	100	0	.	358	27
	beech	5497	10	1674	17	989	18	1701	16	2398	13	704	31	2398	13	1839	17	720	24	596	32	539	28	689	32	579	30	3078	16	23400	5
	maple	1236	16	263	31	52	74	302	29	1143	17	430	32	814	21	902	21	482	33	170	35	418	34	140	40	198	35	174	40	6725	7
	ash	576	26	229	40	503	30	374	23	789	22	394	38	445	41	824	23	198	46	195	49	169	37	346	63	184	63	351	38	5575	9
	oak	695	31	278	37	428	35	195	48	208	29	60	75	26	100	0	0	18	100	18	100	0	.	129	51	15	100	611	28	2680	13
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	55	100	15	100	3064	16	3135	16
	other broadleaves	490	22	233	34	223	52	371	32	600	21	70	51	168	39	490	32	343	39	67	50	85	45	395	28	350	35	2808	13	6692	8
	indeterminable	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	0
	total	16390	6	4037	13	3861	13	6100	10	9740	8	4961	15	10746	8	8386	9	5421	12	2988	17	2838	18	10057	8	11961	7	14906	6	112393	2
36-51 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	3355	9	416	24	916	20	1396	16	2076	11	1971	14	3446	10	2807	12	2510	13	1131	22	956	19	2946	11	5849	8	2211	13	31987	3
	fir	2763	10	208	33	352	27	982	16	648	17	446	22	1384	11	966	16	335	24	337	32	170	32	294	34	159	30	271	27	9313	5
	pine	548	24	262	28	176	42	115	33	408	20	0	.	203	55	31	51	14	71	62	54	0	.	515	23	606	22	55	49	2993	9
	larch	14	71	28	61	35	51	55	58	67	49	0	.	7	100	14	71	43	63	0	.	26	63	1601	15	1190	15	1084	15	4166	8
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	100	0	.	0	.	211	31	363	22	0	.	583	18
	other conifers	0	.	70	68	21	100	54	55	20	74	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	172	36
	beech	3959	7	1439	15	887	19	1446	12	1498	11	345	33	1391	15	1583	14	486	25	250	30	425	23	119	55	373	30	1047	15	15249	4
	maple	555	14	167	31	48	47	115	33	276	19	111	42	214	25	337	19	241	28	67	37	182	30	55	56	51	55	45	46	2464	7
	ash	365	24	162	26	340	26	375	44	776	14	54	55	165	33	374	23	109	36	82	56	126	38	56	70	30	50	115	38	3129	9
	oak	275	24	140	41	282	32	167	30	261	21	8	100	36	62	9	100	16	71	30	79	0	.	35	72	33	71	212	32	1504	11
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	18	71	6	100	1005	18	1043	17
	other broadleaves	173	43	70	42	123	35	155	38	352	23	6	100	81	32	44	56	90	42	20	58	57	52	128	42	84	36	677	16	2058	9
	indeterminable	0	0	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	12006	4	2960	11	3179	12	4858	9	6389	7	2941	12	6927	7	6165	8	3862	11	1979	16	1943	15	5978	8	8743	6	6731	6	74661	2
=52 cm	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	1698	9	285	25	379	27	864	16	1086	14	1016	16	1885	11	1924	13	1325	14	668	20	697	21	1355	13	2379	10	1307	13	16868	3
	fir	1292	12	104	30	269	29	838	15	583	18	326	27	1054	12	588	16	335	24	139	38	88	46	115	36	169	28	210	27	6111	5
	pine	98	30	7	100	41	53	74	40	150	26	0	.	53	55	15	71	0	.	7	100	0	.	72	50	227	25	14	100	760	13
	larch	7	100	7	100	7	100	14	71	83	35	0	.	0	.	37	59	50	55	0	.	19	73	1266	14	931	15	647	15	3067	8
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	77	35	151	29	0	.	228	22
	other conifers	0	.	14	100	23	100	73	53	55	89	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	8	100	180	38
	beech	833	14	500	18	258	23	623	16	913	13	93	41	524	20	414	19	189	29	78	38	192	32	53	57	105	38	386	17	5161	5
	maple	56	35	36	45	14	71	0	.	82	37	28	51	16	73	65	40	24	59	6	100	38	54	0	.	28	59	8	100	401	15
	ash	97	32	66	33	136	36	142	35	253	22	7	100	51	61	77	41	22	58	12	100	29	59	7	100	6	100	10	100	915	12
	oak	40	46	43	61	59	53	91	34	221	28	0	.	0	.	8	100	0	.	14	71	0	.	8	100	27	81	33	59	544	16
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	16	71	6	100	488	21	510	20
	other broadleaves	7	100	58	43	83	50	30	81	7	100	0	.	7	100	36	80	83	63	6	100	18	57	23	57	14	71	54	38	426	20
	indeterminable	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	0	0	.	0	.	0	0
	total	4129	6	1121	13	1269	14	2748	9	3433	8	1470	14	3597	8	3163	9	2027	12	931	18	1082	17	2992	9	4044	7	3165	7	35171	2
total	n/a	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.
	spruce	16333	8	2913	21	4608	20	9040	13	12840	10	8900	14	18055	10	12864	11	11293	12	5401	18	5485	18	17131	10	30584	7	10246	11	165693	3
	fir	14475	8	1262	29	1718	23	5981	12	3713	17	2944	23	9403	10	4027	15	1856	21	1881	25	656	27	1416	25	878	27	1447	26	51657	4
	pine	1337	24	662	30	353	36	625	47	875	18	0	.	846	60	46	48	142	58	359	51	0	.	5188	20	4139	20	234	66	14807	10
	larch	38	55	70	44	543	66	119	44	413	29	88	100	94	93	204	76	477	41	0	.	151	62	7382	11	4146	13	5475	14	19199	7
	Arolla pine	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	0	.	10	100	0	.	0	.	1566	24	2406	20	49	100	4030	15
	other conifers	401	38	290	44	133	71	390	29	624	37	0	.	57	52	131	37	17	100	87	100	65	77	156	53	585	39	16	100	2952	15
	beech	18876	7	6294	12	4033	15	7095	10	8930	8	2186	27	8987	11	6950	13	2885	21	1778	26	2776	22	2194	29	1726	24	11906	13	86616	3
	maple	4715	11	1197	18	600	29	1074	23	3745	15	1287	22	2171	20	2392	18	2320	21	497	35	1130	25	1035	27	699	29	909	28	23771	5
	ash	2016	17	1482	25	1865	21	1418	19	3264	14	786	32	1418	25	2229	19	794	31	790	32	519	34	1019	38	807	45	1987	26	20396	6
	oak	2176	29	554	31	1378	31	564	24	882	17	89	57	99	52	58	54	194	68	81	59	0	.	975	34	91	72	2085	25	9224	11
	sweet chestnut	0	.	0	.	17	100	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	0	.	7	100	0	.	0	.	89	66	28	100	11972	13	12120	13
	other broadleaves	3057	14	969	20	1151	25	1911	21	3158	16	684	26	1410	19	1751	25	2123	22	727	31	1103	32	4325	16	4177	25	13749	11	40295	6
	indeterminable	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	total	63424	4	15692	10	16399	11	28217	7	38450	6	16963	12	42540	6	30653	8	22118	9	11599	14	11887	14	42475	7	50265	6	60076	4	450759	1

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1349075. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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