Selection from the list of topics

What do the numbers stand for?
What is the purpose of the standard error?
When are two results statistically different?
When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?
Two types of changes?
Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?
Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?
Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?
Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

1. What do the numbers stand for?

The tables mainly show results that were calculated using statistical methods from the data of the sample inventory of the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Such results always consist of two figures: (1) the estimated value and (2) the sampling error, the so-called standard error.

Example 1: Estimated value and standard error

NFI5

volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)

regional demarcation: production region

unit: m³/ha

evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest

grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5

state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10	17	13	37	9	36	6	26	10	30	4
private	27	17	20	12	50	10	32	8	39	13	34	5
total	29estimated value	9standard error	19	9	44	7	35	5	29	8	32	3

The tables usually show the relative (percentage) standard error (“±%”), but occasionally – in the case of estimated percentages – the absolute standard error (“±”).

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2. What is the purpose of the standard error?

The standard error can be used to define confidence intervals around the estimated value, which contain the true value of the population with a certain statistical certainty.

The statistical certainty is:

68% if the confidence interval is calculated using the standard error
(68% confidence interval = estimated value ± standard error), and
95% if the confidence interval is calculated using twice the standard error
(95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × standard error*)

Example 2: Calculating confidence intervals

LFI5
volume of deadwood (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura
ownership (2 classes)	m³/ha	±%
public	30	10
private	27	17
total	29	9

Question
What are the 68% and 95% confidence intervals of the above estimates?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard error (= relative standard error × estimated value / 100)
Calculate the confidence intervals
- 68% confidence interval = estimated value ± absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval = estimated value ± 2 × absolute standard error

Answer

			Step 1	Step 2

ownership (2 categories)	volume of deadwood Jura NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	30	10	3	27-33	24-36
private	27	17	5	22-32	17-37
total	29	9	3	26-32calculated with the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 3	23-25calculated with twice the standard error, i.e. 29 ± 2 × 3

The volume of deadwood in the Jura is between 26 and 32 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 68% and between 23 and 35 m³/ha with a statistical certainty of 95%.

The 95% confidence interval is larger than the 68% confidence interval. This results in higher statistical certainty with the 95% confidence interval.

Example 3: Visualisation of the 68% and 95% confidence intervals

Data: see example 2

When interpreting the results, one must define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement.

The 68% confidence interval is generally used in the National Forest Inventory (NFI).

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3. When are two results statistically different?*

This can be checked by comparing the confidence intervals of two estimated values:

If the 68% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with some certainty that the two populations differ.
If the 95% confidence intervals of two estimates do not overlap, it can be assumed with high certainty that the two populations differ.

Example 4: Interpretation of two results from the same inventory

NFI5
growing stock (stemwood)
ownership (2 categories)
regional demarcation: production region
unit: m³/ha
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
state 2018/26
	production region
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
ownership (2 categories)	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	331	3	311	3	405	4	300	3	256	5	314	2
private	387	5	432	4	454	4	348	4	285	6	398	2
total	345	2	363	2	431	2	314	2	262	4	343	1

	case 2						case 1

case 1

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Alps					Southern Alps
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	314	2	6	308-320	302-326	262	4	10	252-272	242-282

Neither the 68%-confidence intervals nor the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has no influence on the result.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Alps than in the Southern Alps.

Case 2

Question
Is the growing stock per hectare greater in the Plateau than in the Jura?

Procedure

See case 1.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock NFI5
	Jura					Plateau
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha
total	345	2	7	338-352	331-359	363	2	7	356-370	349-377

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap (pairs of values in ).
In contrast, the 95%-confidence intervals overlap (pairs of values in ).

In this case, the level of statistical certainty selected has an influence on the interpretation of the results. At the 68% confidence interval level, the conclusion is that the growing stock per hectare is higher in the Plateau than in the Jura. At the 95% confidence interval level, however, this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Considering both confidence interval levels, it can be said that there is some, but not high, statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare is greater in the Plateau than in the Jura.

The confidence intervals can also be used to determine whether a value estimated with a sample from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) deviates from a target value (e.g. from Swiss forest policy) or whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain.

Example 5: Interpretation of two results from different inventories

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4		NFI5
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
public	340	3	309	3
private	447	4	432	4
total	386	2	363	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Calculate the absolute standard errors
Calculate the confidence intervals depending on the desired level of statistical certainty:
- 68% confidence intervals (some certainty; absolute standard error)
- 95% confidence intervals (high certainty; twice the absolute standard error)
Assess whether the confidence intervals corresponding to the desired level of statistical certainty do not overlap.

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	growing stock Plateau*
	NFI4					NFI5
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval		estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		relative	absolute	68%	95%		relative	absolute	68%	95%
	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha	m³/ha	±%	±	m³/ha	m³/ha
public	340	3	11	329-351	318-362	309	3	11	298-320	287-331
private	447	4	16	431-463	415-479	432	4	17	415-449	398-466
total	386	2	8	378-394	370-402	363	2	9	354-372	345-381
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The 68%-confidence intervals do not overlap in the public forest (pairs of values in ), but they do in the private forest and the total forest (pairs of values in ). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence intervals, it can be concluded that the growing stock per hectare in the public forest of the Plateau has decreased. For the private forest, as well as for the total forest, the decrease is not statistically certain at this level.

The 95%-confidence intervals overlap in all three categories. At the certainty level of the 95% confidence intervals, it is therefore not certain that the growing stock has decreased, even for the public forest.

See also examples 6 and 7, in which changes between two inventories are interpreted using the more sensitive metric of net change.

For many target variables in the NFI, it is possible to determine whether a change between two inventories is statistically certain, not only by comparing the states in the two inventories (see example 5), but also by analysing the net change** between the two inventories.

To do this, one must first define the level of statistical certainty that one would like to apply to the statement (as done above):

A net change has occurred with some certainty if the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with the absolute standard error (68% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.
A net change has occurred with high certainty if twice the relative standard error is less than 100% or if the confidence interval calculated with twice the absolute standard error (95% confidence interval) does not include the value 0.

Example 6: Interpretation of net changes with the relative standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%
public	-34	30
private	-9	147
total	-23	34
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Determine whether:
- the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 68% confidence interval)
- twice the relative standard error is less than 100% (certainty level of the 95% confidence interval)

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
		single	double
	m³/ha	±%	±%
public	-34	30	60
private	-9	147	294
total	-23	34	68
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

The single relative standard error is less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest (highlighted values). For the private forest, however, it is greater than 100% (highlighted values). At the certainty level of the 68% confidence interval, it can be concluded that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain at this level.

The same conclusion is reached in this example with the certainty level of the 95% confidence interval, as twice the relative standard error is again less than 100% for both the public forest and the total forest.

Overall, this means that there is high statistical certainty that the growing stock per hectare has decreased in the public forest in the Plateau, as well as overall. For private forests, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as twice the relative standard error and the relative standard error are both less than 100%).

Example 7: Interpretation of net changes with the absolute standard error

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error
	%	±
public	-10	3
private	-2	3
total	-6	2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Question
Has the growing stock per hectare in the Plateau decreased from NFI4 to NFI5?

Procedure

Define the level of statistical certainty (68% or 95% confidence interval)
Calculate the confidence interval based on the defined certainty level
- 68% confidence interval with the absolute standard error
- 95% confidence interval with twice the absolute standard error
Determine whether the corresponding confidence interval does not include the value 0

Answer

ownership (2 categories)	change in growing stock from NFI4 to NFI5, Plateau*
	estimated value	standard error		confidence interval
		single	double	68%	95%
	%	±	±	%	%
public	-10	3	6	-13 to -7	-16 to -4
private	-2	3	6	-5 to +1	-8 to +4
total	-6	2	4	-8 to -4	-10 to -2
* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5

Neither the 68% nor the 95% confidence interval includes the value 0 for the public forest or for the total forest. At both certainty levels, this leads to the conclusion that the growing stock in the Plateau has decreased in the public forest and in total. For the private forest, on the other hand, the decrease in stock is not statistically certain (as the confidence intervals include the value 0).

Net changes can be interpreted using the absolute or relative standard error (see examples 6 and 7). It is advisable to use the absolute standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown as a percentage (%; as in example 7), and the relative standard error if the estimated value in the table is shown in absolute terms (m³, m³/ha, pc, m²; as in example 6). This means that the standard error can be taken directly from the table and does not need to be converted.

To assess whether a change is statistically certain, it is advisable to analyse the net change between the two inventories wherever possible. Net changes are more sensitive than status comparisons, which makes it easier to detect differences statistically. See examples 6 and 7 (net change) and 7 (comparison of two results from different inventories).

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4. When is it not sufficient to consider only the standard error?

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is a sample-based large-scale inventory whose sample areas are arranged on a grid with a mesh size of 1.4 km × 1.4 km. The NFI was designed in such a way that the growing stock for Switzerland as a whole can be predicted with a maximum standard error of 1%.

If results are requested for individual regions or for individual classes, the standard error quickly becomes much larger. This is because the number of sample areas and subjects (e.g. sample trees, young forest plants, pieces of deadwood) analysed for the queried combination of variable expressions* is considerably lower than for the total.

Example 8: Standard error and combination of variable expressions

region	growing stock
	total		maple		sycamore		Norway maple
	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error	estimated value	standard error
	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%	m³/ha	±%
Switzerland	343	1	12	5	11	5	1	20
production region "Plateau"	363	2	15	10	14	11	0	50
Canton of Aargau	289	7	15	20	13	20	1	63

The standard error increases as the level of detail increases.

Large standard errors are to be expected if:

forest districts are selected as the regional demarcation or results for small cantons (e.g. Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden) are queried,
a classification variable with many classes is selected (e.g. tree species in 56 classes),
several classification variables are combined with each other (e.g. main tree species and development stage).

Large standard errors are an indication that the estimate may have been based on too small a number of sample areas or subjects and that the result of the estimate therefore may not be reliable.

For the target variable “number of stems of young forest plants with browsing damage” (browsing intensity), an uncertain estimate is not necessarily recognisable by a large standard error. This is because this target variable is a quotient estimator**, which is – due to the survey method – only based on a small number of assessed young forest plants for rarer tree species (e.g. pine, larch, Arolla pine, oak, chestnut). Accordingly, for this target variable one should always check how many young forest plants were assessed for the individual estimates. As a rule of thumb, at least 30 young forest plants per estimate should have been assessed for browsing in order to obtain a reliable estimate.

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5. Two types of changes?

There are two types of changes in the National Forest Inventory (NFI):

The first type of change involves specific target variables for change components such as increment, fellings or mortality. These target variables are only available for two consecutive measurement cycles, e.g. NFI4 to NFI5. When change components are analysed, the classification variable expression of the second measurement cycle is generally assigned to the first measurement cycle. These analyses therefore do not take into account any change in the expression (e.g. from private to public ownership) from the earlier to the later measurement cycle.
In the second type of change, the difference in target variables, such as stem number, growing stock or forest area, is used to calculate the net change between two measurement cycles. These target variables are usually used to represent states, e.g. that in NFI5, but can also show the net change between any two measurement cycles, e.g. between NFI1 and NFI5. In these net change analyses, the change in expression is taken into account for some of the classification variables, including “tree condition” and “forest, non-forest”. In this way, it can be seen, for example, that the forest area has increased. For the remaining classification variables, the expressions are regarded as static. This means that the most recent state – whether it was assessed in a measurement cycle (e.g. “primary forest function NFI5”) or taken from an external data source (e.g. “protection forest [2022]”) – is assigned to all measurement cycles.

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6. Change analyses: When are the results (not) additive?

The results are:

additive if they are reported as the total change between two measurement dates. For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres (m³) can be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.
not additive if they are reported as a change per year (e.g. m³/year). For example, the fellings for the various production regions reported in cubic metres per year (m³/year) cannot be added together to obtain the total fellings for Switzerland.

Example 9: : Additivity/non-additivity of changes

	growing stock: total change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%	1000 m³	±%
lower altitude zone	-3759.0	28	-4909.1	36	-1025.2	133	-317.1	195	3464.1	31	-6546.3	42
higher altitude zone	574.3	117	-328.0	62	1093.0	123	7128.4	21	666.7	93	9134.3	24
total	-3184.7	40	-5237.1	34	67.9	2805	6811.3	23	4130.8	30	2588.1	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	additive

	growing stock: annual change between NFI4 and NFI5 (in 1000 m³/year)*
	Jura		Plateau		Pre-Alps		Alps		Southern Alps		Switzerland
higher/lower altitude zone	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%	1000 m³/year	±%
lower altitude zone	-421.1	28	-560.6	36	-115.7	133	-35.9	195	389.5	31	-740.7	42
higher altitude zone	64.7	117	-38.3	62	122.4	123	810.4	21	74.9	93	1032.7	24
total	-357.3	40	-598.4	34	7.6	2805	773.8	23	464.4	30	292.7	136
	* accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
	not additive

The non-additivity of changes expressed per year arises because the total change is divided by the average number of years between the two measurement dates in the domain* under consideration, and this average number of years varies slightly depending on the domain.

Example 10: Average number of years per domain

domain		mean number of years*
production region	higher/lower altitude zone
Mittelland	-	8.75
Plateau	higher altitude zone	8.56
Plateau	lower altitude zone	8.76
Southern Alps	-	8.90
Southern Alps	higher altitude zone	8.90
Southern Alps	lower altitude zone	8.89
* between the NFI4 and NFI5 measurements in the accessible forest without shrub forest

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7. Why is a dot (“.”) sometimes given in the cells for standard error or estimated value?

In the calculation of a results table, data is not always available for all combinations of variable expressions*. In most cases, this indicates that the variable estimated with the relevant target variable does not occur or only occurs very rarely. The value 0 is then usually used. However, as this value is not based on any direct measurements, a dot (“.”) is given for the associated standard error. If reference is made to the assumed value of 0 in the calculation, e.g. in the case of percentages or certain change estimates, no value can be used. In this case, a dot (“.”) is given for the estimated value and the standard error.

For example, no Arolla pines have yet been found and measured in the Plateau in the National Forest Inventory (NFI) (growing stock of Arolla pine by production region). It can therefore be assumed that the values are missing because the Arolla pine actually does not occur in the Plateau, and therefore the growing stock in that region must be 0.

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8. Why are no standard error values shown in some tables?

The data in these tables originates from a complete survey and not from a sample inventory. Accordingly, it is not necessary to specify a standard error because there is no uncertainty due to sampling.

The forest road network survey that the National Forest Inventory (NFI) periodically carries out with the local forestry services is an example of such a complete survey.

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9. Negative values for growing stock, increment or fellings?

A negative value is possible if the result could only be calculated on the basis of a few trees. The estimate is therefore not reliable. This is also reflected in the standard error, which is usually extremely large for negative stock, increment or felling values.

Negative values can occur because, when the stemwood volume of the tally trees is determined, the volume estimated solely on the basis of the diameter at breast height (DBH) (tariff volume) is adjusted using the volume of the tally trees estimated on the basis of DBH, diameter at 7 m height and tree height. This procedure enables an unbiased and more accurate calculation of the stemwood volume. However, it can lead to negative values for all target variables that are based on the stemwood volume of the tally trees (e.g. growing stock, increment, fellings) if the number of tally trees in the selected combination of variable expressions* is small.

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NFI4—NFI5
change: total number of stems with two most important forms of damages
type of damage to trees (13 classes)
regional demarcation: forest district (2024)
unit: n
evaluation area: accessible forest without shrub forest NFI4/NFI5
grid: 1.4 km grid, subgrids 1-5
change 2009/17–2018/26
	forest district (2024)
	AG01		AG02		AG03		AG04		AI01		AR01		BE01		BE02		BE03		BE04		BSBL01		BSBL02		BSBL03		BSBL04		FR01		FR02		FR03		FR04		GE01		GL01		GR01		GR02		GR03		GR04		GR05		JU01		LU01		LU02		LU03		NE01		NE02		NE03		NE04		NE06		NW01		OW01		OW02		SG01		SG02		SG03		SG04		SG05		SH01		SO01		SO02		SO03		SO04		SZ01		SZ02		SZ03		TG01		TG02		TG03		TI01		TI02		TI03		TI04		TI05		TI06		TI07		TI08		TI09		UR01		UR02		UR03		VD02		VD03		VD04		VD05		VD06		VD07		VD08		VD09		VD11		VD12		VD14		VD15		VD16		VD18		VD20		VD22		VS01		VS02		VS03		ZG01		ZH01		ZH02		ZH03		ZH04		ZH05		ZH06		ZH07		lakes		Switzerland
type of damage to trees (13 classes)	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%	n	±%
n/a	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
no visible damage	-62511.7	637	-340242.1	129	-664263.0	56	-264825.8	139	-428653.9	38	-1163979.0	30	-2599378.4	34	-811864.8	69	-65409.5	1583	-2265204.7	27	254235.9	150	48887.7	418	-597893.2	50	13939.4	.	-257111.2	78	-1055070.4	51	-107579.1	278	25723.9	1164	-122427.1	129	-1807464.3	33	-761692.7	62	-996996.2	46	-1796520.4	36	-1074620.0	58	-2145223.7	31	-870688.5	54	-727321.8	44	359996.0	170	-1453702.6	39	-517688.8	48	-567906.7	44	279739.9	137	-36756.9	411	-365745.5	46	-253550.5	111	246798.0	200	-363061.2	96	213948.5	168	-687600.1	76	-930685.0	46	-418106.6	81	-1354051.2	30	-1281237.2	37	102960.8	235	-485306.6	54	692520.9	77	-139076.5	179	-585325.4	47	-396020.6	106	-459403.7	67	-884506.8	43	-636886.0	51	-1241957.7	44	-250380.0	78	981916.1	96	-632826.5	44	-359385.5	130	-532844.1	87	-766571.8	49	-846067.0	61	-312373.7	68	-752410.0	72	-243003.5	99	-296440.6	58	-244130.3	94	-207262.2	123	-229073.9	104	-145796.4	186	-346787.8	95	-71557.1	271	-209256.3	262	-81611.2	264	184445.5	95	-568936.3	48	-453472.6	70	-856563.1	42	408909.0	121	-703118.9	65	-506491.4	70	-8657.4	1668	163524.3	182	-787011.8	73	-1046127.6	48	-1560603.3	35	-448017.0	53	-684823.8	60	-21382.0	1447	-89745.2	455	-213513.1	219	-458232.9	71	-243907.9	97	-562163.7	59	.	.	-45808516.7	8
exposed wood core	-3364.2	3060	38078.9	252	113331.6	65	-121312.6	85	158188.3	50	325252.3	49	612275.1	53	103767.8	233	271720.6	96	-37380.2	573	126877.3	80	-82896.2	80	-43269.7	189	17424.3	.	-994.8	5696	85062.9	151	2688.7	5386	50240.4	219	2895.4	957	107732.9	193	365967.1	53	404113.8	61	540888.0	45	99359.7	290	476936.5	64	64630.3	320	34808.6	442	-72193.9	163	221489.4	82	-134900.4	71	77004.4	142	22813.7	201	-18631.6	281	95074.0	73	345412.7	67	5512.4	1627	435988.8	50	-172815.0	75	-49594.0	352	462552.3	43	-284713.1	77	379127.2	43	155248.3	76	16945.2	550	-65838.1	159	-88484.6	60	257551.0	56	150482.0	82	-127091.6	100	123848.7	114	221502.1	46	58045.6	120	113133.4	63	109754.1	137	298168.7	90	174002.1	55	244924.0	99	-100234.6	252	508027.4	55	392615.2	43	-210956.1	74	61826.5	347	32158.2	322	-183258.6	135	-107401.1	105	101006.5	119	-34517.7	281	-18266.7	436	45194.3	205	-11856.7	208	175777.8	91	44997.5	83	88223.9	71	67628.8	121	78549.8	98	53492.2	157	17552.9	395	61291.7	112	47813.4	138	-56536.3	89	45970.7	143	327006.3	74	431582.0	47	382159.1	74	-22443.2	476	5877.9	1294	-59110.3	89	66054.7	260	274336.8	35	50062.0	204	30836.3	219	235460.0	45	.	.	9488261.2	16
crack, woundwood rib	17339.8	100	.	.	-270.2	3540	6627.0	173	-1099.4	855	-11790.8	160	-156588.0	41	-46018.4	55	16567.5	115	11384.3	100	6969.7	100	.	.	-6787.3	432	.	.	17243.1	100	16567.5	100	-20527.3	100	-567.1	1583	.	.	-36419.5	106	23663.9	134	-18496.0	100	15674.7	344	-51532.9	101	21448.1	264	-189.1	14790	33810.6	71	-67147.8	70	6059.9	100	.	.	.	.	-7753.1	100	-21106.7	100	19382.7	100	.	.	-17351.8	100	-41547.4	61	-6627.0	100	-13200.2	71	-18753.7	107	-22127.2	104	-53089.6	53	0.0	0	-9998.6	214	10552.5	176	.	.	26433.7	83	-15386.4	100	-17351.8	205	-27919.7	79	0.0	0	.	.	17243.1	100	-36074.7	100	30178.4	114	12107.3	374	-4204.8	889	-36074.7	95	0.0	0	-72203.7	86	-24782.0	135	-29603.9	72	.	.	-7353.9	354	-14108.6	100	-14030.2	291	-7353.9	348	-15149.7	100	.	.	.	.	6935.9	100	39122.8	100	.	.	.	.	6969.7	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	66439.7	61	-2350.3	1369	-90878.9	65	-10679.2	134	6897.2	100	1538.7	710	10345.8	180	-39762.0	85	6627.0	100	-16567.5	100	16712.5	100	.	.	-639982.1	37
stem breakage	78432.2	57	-24392.1	75	.	.	57404.7	60	-40414.8	61	92997.4	48	136877.8	89	-50837.8	130	-34068.5	272	100691.9	81	26111.9	74	-399.4	6100	40040.3	93	.	.	32040.5	81	4132.2	857	43954.7	202	4343.6	1018	.	.	35063.0	185	-25892.5	177	5572.7	727	-23703.3	281	31342.3	287	-19123.8	230	-97848.4	67	-15733.8	304	7492.6	577	120063.6	74	-36722.5	71	19382.7	100	17339.8	100	.	.	.	.	-64378.4	73	21905.9	140	-10728.7	410	56387.5	67	14719.5	147	60651.3	76	50912.1	81	56790.7	97	34308.2	71	-62778.7	89	-16968.4	100	18763.4	273	47448.8	95	-10383.8	77	191449.7	58	-158500.3	60	69751.4	50	675.6	3540	38599.8	143	1927.5	2937	-3743.0	2042	-43948.8	125	-38370.6	96	62084.6	83	27443.3	210	2567.6	3129	-14619.6	211	-12749.8	467	-749.0	3401	-37518.6	168	-5521.3	457	41956.4	62	-25279.6	149	51022.4	141	-17850.7	100	.	.	69862.3	74	16567.5	100	-16968.4	100	19048.7	100	67873.5	79	42601.6	60	-33424.9	70	-117517.9	87	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	211402.4	53	55207.1	110	51258.5	224	-9888.4	407	6897.2	100	13254.0	100	118809.8	49	12906.7	213	-10345.8	180	-9940.5	180	74981.7	57	.	.	1372008.3	36
defoliation >50%	145688.4	50	111246.9	62	0.0	0	50444.7	74	17850.7	100	78543.2	80	243497.1	33	73033.2	55	104962.6	37	99025.0	77	51323.9	75	16968.4	100	.	.	.	.	51729.2	100	166357.7	77	54906.3	58	70529.3	63	.	.	135635.3	58	-45334.3	111	8588.5	306	155583.0	56	171709.4	60	60559.8	53	249568.0	47	47287.4	56	13524.2	71	90359.5	50	12112.8	167	99844.4	85	0.0	0	-2042.9	1273	-5338.7	505	339964.6	76	124679.2	89	57292.9	52	122645.2	68	102694.4	57	3646.4	739	-9089.8	180	78005.8	55	48180.1	74	6969.8	100	16968.4	100	58593.2	52	17339.8	100	120413.1	43	116388.8	66	22290.0	75	72521.2	72	6897.2	100	112925.7	46	63695.0	100	234859.7	68	22845.4	164	131225.6	269	70813.2	130	156552.8	133	132421.6	72	47339.1	73	166370.7	260	30772.8	100	172739.5	61	50552.6	166	18384.8	169	60307.4	106	46456.0	62	98228.6	73	42304.9	60	24275.8	100	.	.	6935.9	100	132353.2	46	32846.0	71	106144.8	70	77156.3	73	119352.1	72	24116.8	77	.	.	.	.	240496.0	71	-32029.3	290	163554.6	45	75305.9	73	64182.4	53	-270.2	3540	76986.5	57	97086.6	87	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	6501851.9	13
canker	15175.4	134	16712.5	100	-17243.1	100	-37404.1	61	-16714.4	128	21420.9	181	213494.4	42	115753.9	39	28492.7	201	3936.7	1717	0.0	0	-6935.9	100	-39063.3	71	.	.	12957.1	71	-9875.1	181	-29132.9	130	21776.7	76	.	.	18217.8	135	16285.7	256	53609.3	107	40033.7	69	243385.1	40	30185.9	272	3788.8	926	-42900.0	116	-6383.9	245	193018.8	54	6969.7	100	14944.3	198	.	.	-10403.9	100	-27135.8	77	-525.0	4624	40763.4	62	36780.7	98	25403.2	78	6059.9	100	-11660.6	328	0.0	0	83602.1	84	13905.6	216	4626.2	885	-16968.4	100	.	.	-9902.3	314	71795.7	50	-33000.4	71	-37878.6	74	51517.9	62	14832.8	71	6897.2	100	78998.3	50	137777.5	40	40417.5	200	73421.9	61	36407.3	117	61914.7	48	192317.3	46	102176.5	73	184796.1	38	68857.9	61	71291.9	79	102157.0	71	8917.0	360	23592.5	127	12666.1	250	0.0	0	.	.	-17339.8	100	.	.	.	.	-6787.3	100	15108.1	71	41557.6	62	6627.0	100	-8295.0	201	34259.7	64	.	.	40842.9	62	78082.3	50	108080.4	42	199855.4	35	-2975.7	825	-10345.8	180	-6685.0	100	34486.1	76	6627.0	100	17243.1	100	-13254.0	71	.	.	.	.	2786012.8	13
bark necrosis	6935.9	100	.	.	-13794.4	71	.	.	17850.7	100	.	.	17305.9	100	.	.	0.0	0	0.0	0	40906.4	85	-41615.6	100	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	-8762.4	100	.	.	.	.	6154.6	100	.	.	18496.0	100	.	.	19926.9	100	48999.7	113	31211.7	81	.	.	.	.	62334.8	53	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	82213.7	100	.	.	18496.0	100	21046.8	100	2304.8	448	.	.	.	.	6787.3	100	.	.	24275.8	100	7353.9	100	.	.	.	.	-7131.4	100	6627.0	100	17243.1	100	.	.	8494.1	100	.	.	18037.4	100	7352.7	168	19926.9	100	-60258.7	100	57546.9	76	7711.0	100	.	.	17635.7	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	24338.7	77	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-3584.5	555	.	.	18943.0	100	-16567.5	100	.	.	.	.	12737.3	100	-17243.1	100	.	.	480237.2	34
resinosis	179889.8	38	114171.3	56	36377.7	285	52366.4	110	67941.7	74	86267.3	74	1791199.9	20	103611.0	112	180555.3	84	230504.0	48	75515.7	71	-16968.4	176	13905.6	71	.	.	-16473.6	375	237343.2	77	230102.2	69	156802.1	80	17247.2	100	260783.4	54	1104017.2	25	392877.4	40	1265817.4	24	878617.7	35	1594976.7	27	-21699.6	422	15505.3	439	124576.3	96	427053.5	30	84044.9	73	38458.0	157	10403.9	353	43009.5	107	95461.7	72	23183.9	193	167702.0	62	380257.7	40	59017.4	103	138839.2	61	127142.3	81	48208.8	64	262504.6	28	-26332.9	450	69993.2	61	149676.3	83	-17243.1	100	-4639.7	452	208662.8	63	251619.6	51	5421.3	515	193134.5	83	55569.5	52	81313.7	77	190349.3	49	402937.9	30	471282.2	40	133608.7	75	7711.0	100	.	.	197783.8	64	106483.8	58	219656.6	48	164456.1	79	-22307.8	289	169416.1	72	43234.5	220	96909.9	72	-20091.0	479	50728.5	134	32489.6	101	66825.0	68	151838.5	71	-24825.7	88	181137.9	39	31724.5	107	-22197.4	235	-14123.9	278	-37812.3	112	39901.7	85	0.0	0	16567.5	100	860688.0	42	740303.3	34	1129463.1	27	96355.0	52	52241.8	106	-15114.5	202	-58145.6	222	59063.7	182	11156.5	479	-40032.2	62	31192.3	184	.	.	17529149.5	7
inclusion	0.0	0	.	.	.	.	23194.5	77	.	.	-29609.5	88	-70910.5	228	-1042.2	3113	-7246.3	100	-44525.0	115	-36743.0	100	.	.	-15998.8	86	-6969.7	.	.	.	16567.5	100	98697.8	48	17008.5	98	1137.5	100	-37910.8	72	14065.8	338	-47148.8	63	51045.8	73	11119.0	563	76840.2	63	-21087.9	57	16712.5	100	6897.2	100	-28755.0	149	-6935.9	100	0.0	0	.	.	-21106.7	100	-62819.2	89	-29046.2	79	-6059.9	100	-3671.1	471	-18776.2	100	4524.5	637	50719.7	68	-64916.1	99	-18017.8	493	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	-10156.1	100	-55601.2	69	-55671.1	124	-5016.4	424	.	.	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	-1815.2	1935	3377.1	754	-7904.9	646	-10960.1	219	-12892.2	189	75619.2	73	19926.9	100	5877.8	433	-39236.8	119	29558.1	61	-899.7	1040	-103139.3	107	7054.3	100	-73060.3	110	-16306.8	100	.	.	-16968.4	100	.	.	.	.	-12595.4	163	.	.	-8000.0	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	.	.	35970.8	64	-19813.6	234	-7403.0	556	.	.	.	.	6897.2	100	-18161.2	100	-16712.5	100	.	.	-6627.0	100	.	.	.	.	-505426.1	66
stag-headedness	8821.4	296	-5303.3	407	17243.1	100	5884.8	422	35701.4	100	4439.2	552	51512.5	127	-24471.7	307	57944.6	138	-1139.6	4303	-6935.9	100	-593.9	4079	75775.2	60	.	.	-32267.9	82	1787.8	1383	12386.0	299	-36516.3	86	-6897.2	100	-23718.5	96	-18916.1	261	24729.5	148	-74793.0	103	34891.2	276	-48203.0	113	-97203.7	74	89655.1	61	-15149.7	100	-15856.3	389	-5409.4	971	0.0	0	6935.9	100	.	.	-17424.3	100	59859.3	123	32501.5	119	-77066.6	95	-16567.5	100	-4346.9	1635	52907.2	103	5879.7	879	8762.4	100	7054.2	705	-29453.8	91	33936.7	70	0.0	0	66448.7	79	6631.2	591	-60252.2	58	110394.2	86	-2625.4	916	16567.5	100	26188.4	79	-51590.2	58	71488.5	59	-35698.3	140	-53662.7	226	43672.7	199	-199860.2	60	44736.4	182	-143953.4	86	54697.1	294	7054.3	100	19133.8	318	233.3	10765	34941.6	71	73582.4	51	7610.7	344	7824.6	100	6897.2	100	22317.3	160	-25165.7	74	.	.	0.0	0	-16968.4	100	4372.8	835	-17243.1	100	33424.9	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	-72482.0	116	26120.1	324	178148.7	56	15662.6	100	.	.	-16567.5	100	675.6	3540	23754.7	160	.	.	.	.	14721.8	71	.	.	291605.9	168
other type of damage	-6969.7	224	20421.4	75	-6627.0	100	-8742.2	147	27543.6	71	50221.9	63	109404.1	109	1720.6	3408	23720.3	212	-31080.4	191	1766.9	1174	-7003.5	263	35471.8	133	.	.	26691.4	170	61508.6	65	-30196.9	141	4715.3	791	7466.0	100	27148.1	185	-14641.1	464	-49721.2	142	9457.4	920	120729.6	112	89364.8	82	108612.8	74	-936.0	6317	30847.1	109	122970.3	67	-5176.9	502	-16968.4	100	17339.8	100	34764.1	71	-25507.9	134	28561.2	207	43465.9	82	61487.3	85	45862.8	94	25758.3	81	-76066.3	100	-26279.3	181	71857.1	105	13790.8	217	21341.4	164	-36965.7	118	-31329.9	64	53599.8	78	-16655.3	380	11960.4	296	-69662.8	163	-81405.3	74	17243.1	100	-2918.0	982	-1488.9	4756	24402.2	250	23668.8	168	196772.2	63	324571.8	45	-62620.8	67	196217.1	62	71971.6	89	624136.8	66	331.9	11990	-17472.8	341	-29671.1	170	15336.9	338	-41257.0	87	34345.4	101	20052.8	145	-1550.8	1596	33072.2	98	-8598.2	100	16968.4	100	35721.0	84	17649.2	145	9627.2	402	11543.4	126	24815.8	204	6873.7	100	.	.	16567.5	100	32689.0	188	16767.1	571	218686.3	41	.	.	51431.8	48	30396.1	71	-12713.5	358	-270.2	3540	-14181.3	227	19561.4	100	17388.0	168	.	.	2683701.6	25
lying living trees	24309.5	77	16712.5	100	.	.	0.0	0	-9089.8	180	85683.5	61	-4750.3	1259	55354.4	96	.	.	-38215.0	100	-17339.8	100	34848.6	100	.	.	.	.	0.0	0	-35701.4	71	.	.	.	.	.	.	83058.2	89	35690.6	101	-32289.8	64	-53138.8	109	-167199.2	99	106488.8	92	25357.3	78	-132346.0	83	-16567.5	100	-3121.8	1698	-16968.4	100	-7753.1	100	.	.	-17339.8	100	.	.	17850.7	100	-45449.0	74	56933.4	74	0.0	0	21093.6	74	-6154.6	411	-36196.5	72	-17850.7	100	41362.4	72	.	.	16968.4	100	17339.8	100	-6935.9	100	6176.9	424	-30668.3	100	14280.6	71	-17320.6	100	17243.1	100	.	.	-32408.3	70	99081.0	107	-6750.6	606	7152.9	1579	5798.1	1421	55858.0	124	211720.1	55	63870.1	95	45552.1	61	-16554.5	100	176357.3	72	0.0	0	.	.	-2998.4	800	4554.1	614	.	.	-17243.1	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-17424.3	100	-6897.2	100	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	-195730.6	42	59170.5	105	-40827.1	190	.	.	.	.	10275.2	100	-33955.5	71	16567.5	100	.	.	-33810.6	71	.	.	.	.	315712.4	134
dead trees	255328.3	53	27478.5	308	24383.1	153	36762.6	187	109887.1	66	113633.7	81	204528.2	126	173051.7	104	191674.2	104	621171.5	34	202142.3	54	24912.9	183	172844.6	47	.	.	76947.7	127	68066.0	250	-92475.7	130	79560.4	135	-6888.9	369	421509.5	83	225796.8	69	36898.8	250	593073.1	44	822214.0	37	1498320.7	30	774542.5	31	59083.2	237	32325.1	284	-77288.2	319	162022.3	52	46518.5	61	40872.7	85	30750.5	120	19508.7	357	101751.2	64	-67623.4	160	226415.3	80	24802.8	194	175625.5	63	280738.8	46	133415.8	97	229534.6	41	188490.3	54	-12942.4	412	38466.9	153	137347.2	41	121586.5	69	61614.0	170	101676.2	89	273433.2	46	99013.3	57	86615.5	144	67891.3	179	176121.6	75	182862.1	140	277438.3	45	255611.7	71	129154.6	125	402114.6	50	383353.7	33	280117.4	43	323227.2	60	160747.5	53	200424.5	66	-68204.5	238	47222.7	148	210421.5	43	294233.7	54	157351.8	61	-102397.2	62	114706.1	73	-41062.1	249	57211.3	49	-13.6	363305	-78666.8	116	113881.5	63	47595.7	143	83272.4	72	-96327.5	73	90313.4	76	47874.8	60	461655.2	55	609402.0	29	685110.2	42	91133.8	77	315041.2	84	72274.0	68	66509.7	144	84817.8	173	-61669.7	71	62077.6	97	-56532.5	90	.	.	15215414.8	9
total	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Table citation

Abegg, M.; Ahles, P.; Allgaier Leuch, B.; Cioldi, F.; Didion, M.; Düggelin, C.; Fischer, C.; Herold, A.; Meile, R.; Rohner, B.; Rösler, E.; Speich, S.; Temperli, C.; Traub, B.,
2023: Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 2289306. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL

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